| 词条 | Dolly (sheep) |
| 释义 |
| name = Dolly | image = Dolly face closeup.jpg | image_size = | caption = Dolly's taxidermied remains | birth_name = | othername = 6LLS (code name) | species = Domestic sheep (Finn-Dorset) | gender = Female | birth_date = 5 July 1996 | birth_place = Roslin Institute, Midlothian, Scotland | death_date = 14 February 2003 (aged 6) | death_place = Roslin Institute, Midlothian, Scotland |module={{Infobox person|child=yes | death_cause = Lung disease and severe arthritis}} | resting_place = National Museum of Scotland (remains on display) | resting_place_coordinates = | relativeage = | nationality = Scottish | employer = | role = | years_active = | known = First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell | tricks = | awards = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | owner = | parents = | children = Six lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton) | weight = | height = | appearance = | namedafter = Dolly Parton[1] | website = }} Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. GenesisDolly was cloned by Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the Ministry of Agriculture.[1] She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease five months before her seventh birthday (the disease was not considered related to her being a clone).[2] She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources including BBC News and Scientific American.[3][4] The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's".[5] BirthDolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers: one provided the egg, another the DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo to term.[6] She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother.[7] Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal.[8][9] The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.[10] Dolly's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997.[5] It gained much attention in the media. A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV, and a special report in Time magazine featured Dolly the sheep.[1] Science featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year. Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned, she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell.[11] LifeDolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian.[12] There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. Her first lamb, named Bonnie, was born in April 1998.[2] The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in 2000.[13] In late 2001, at the age of four, Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly. This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.[14] DeathOn 14 February 2003, Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis.[15] A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived 6.5 years. A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, also known as Jaagsiekte,[16] which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV.[17] Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease.[15] Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons. Some in the press speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years, the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned.[23] One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly's telomeres were short, which is typically a result of the aging process.[18][19] The Roslin Institute stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced aging.[20] In 2016 scientists reported no defects in thirteen cloned sheep, including four from the same cell line as Dolly. The first study to review the long-term health outcomes of cloning, the authors found no evidence of late-onset, non-communicable diseases other than some minor examples of osteoarthritis and concluded "We could find no evidence, therefore, of a detrimental long-term effect of cloning by SCNT on the health of aged offspring among our cohort."[21][22] LegacyAfter cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly, many other large mammals were cloned, including pigs,[23][24] deer,[25] horses[26] and bulls.[27] The attempt to clone argali (mountain sheep) did not produce viable embryos. The attempt to clone a banteng bull was more successful, as were the attempts to clone mouflon (a form of wild sheep), both resulting in viable offspring.[28] The reprogramming process that cells need to go through during cloning is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development.[29][30] Making cloned mammals was highly inefficient – in 1996 Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts. By 2014 Chinese scientists were reported to have 70–80% success rates cloning pigs[24] and in 2016, a Korean company, Sooam Biotech, was producing 500 cloned embryos a day.[31] Wilmut, who led the team that created Dolly, announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans.[32] Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species and may become a viable tool for reviving extinct species.[33] In January 2009, scientists from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, in northern Spain announced the cloning of the Pyrenean ibex, a form of wild mountain goat, which was officially declared extinct in 2000. Although the newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs, it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned, and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue.[34][35] In July 2016, four identical clones of Dolly (Daisy, Debbie, Dianna, and Denise) were alive and healthy at nine years old.[36][37] Scientific American concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly the sheep has not been cloning of animals but in advances into stem cell research.[38] After Dolly, researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells which can be grown into any tissue.[39]The first successful cloning of a primate species using the same method for producing Dolly was reported in January 2018. Two identical clones of a macaque monkey, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, were created by researchers in China and were born in late 2017.[40][41][42][43] In January 2019, scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua – the first ever cloned monkeys - and Dolly the sheep, and the same gene-editing Crispr-Cas9 technique allegedly used by He Jiankui in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana. The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases.[44][45] References1. ^1 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00141844.1999.9981606| title = Why dolly matters: Kinship, culture and cloning| journal = Ethnos| volume = 64| issue = 3–4| pages = 301–324| year = 1999| last1 = Edwards | first1 = J. }} 2. ^1 "Dolly the sheep clone dies young". BBC News. 14 February 2003 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/353617.stm |title=Is Dolly old before her time? |date=27 May 1999 |work=BBC News |accessdate=4 October 2009 | location=London}} 4. ^{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around|title=No More Cloning Around|last=Lehrman |first=Sally|date=July 2008|magazine=Scientific American|accessdate=21 September 2008}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/22/newsid_4245000/4245877.stm | work=BBC News | title=1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned | date=22 February 1997}} 6. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Williams | year = 2003 | first1 = N. | title = Death of Dolly marks cloning milestone | journal = Current Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 209–210 | pmid=12646139 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00148-9 }} 7. ^{{Cite journal|author=Campbell KH|author2=McWhir J |author3=Ritchie WA|author4=Wilmut I |title=Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line |journal=Nature |volume=380 |issue=6569 |pages=64–6 |date=1996 |pmid=8598906 | doi = 10.1038/380064a0|bibcode = 1996Natur.380...64C }} 8. ^{{Cite journal|author=McLaren A |title=Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5472 |pages=1775–80 |date=2000 |pmid=10877698 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5472.1775}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|display-authors=4|author=Wilmut I|author2=Schnieke AE|author3=McWhir J|author4=Kind AJ|author5=Campbell KH |title=Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells |journal=Nature |volume=385 |issue=6619 |pages=810–3 |date=1997 |pmid=9039911 | doi=10.1038/385810a0 |bibcode=1997Natur.385..810W}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|author=Niemann H|author2=Tian XC|author3=King WA|author4=Lee RS |title=Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning |journal=Reproduction |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=151–63 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18239046 |doi=10.1530/REP-07-0397|url=http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/135/2/151.full.pdf}} 11. ^{{cite journal | author1=McKinnell, Robert G.| author2= Di Berardino, Marie A. | title=The Biology of Cloning: History and Rationale| journal=BioScience | volume=49 | issue=11 | pages=875–885| date=November 1999 | doi=10.2307/1313647| jstor=1313647}} 12. ^{{Cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=2003-02-14 |title=Dolly, the First Cloned Mammal, Is Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/14/science/life/dolly-the-first-cloned-mammal-is-dead.html |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=2017-02-24}} 13. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070813013311/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyFamily.php Dolly's family]. Roslin Institute, UK 14. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070813013454/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyArthritis.php Dolly's arthritis]. Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008 15. ^1 Dolly's final illness {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227144956/http://www.roslin.ac.uk/publicInterest/DollyFinalIilness.php |date=27 February 2008 }} Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008 Cached version 16. ^Bridget M. Kuehn Goodbye, Dolly; first cloned sheep dies at six years old {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004231844/http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/apr03/030415f.asp |date=4 October 2009 }} American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 April 2003 17. ^{{Cite journal |author=Palmarini M |title=A Veterinary Twist on Pathogen Biology |journal=PLoS Pathog. |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e12 |date=2007 |pmid=17319740 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030012 |pmc=1803002 }} 18. ^{{Cite journal|author=Shiels PG|author2=Kind AJ|author3=Campbell KH|title=Analysis of telomere length in Dolly, a sheep derived by nuclear transfer |journal=Cloning |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |date=1999 |pmid=16218837 | doi = 10.1089/15204559950020003|display-authors=etal}} 19. ^{{Cite journal|author=Shiels PG|author2=Kind AJ|author3=Campbell KH|title=Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep |journal=Nature |volume=399 |issue=6734 |pages=316–7 |date=1999 |pmid=10360570 | doi = 10.1038/20580|bibcode = 1999Natur.399..316H |display-authors=etal}} 20. ^1 Was Dolly already 'old' at birth? Roslin Institute, Accessed 4 April 2010 21. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sinclair|first1=K. D.|last2=Corr|first2=S. A.|last3=Gutierrez|first3=C. G.|last4=Fisher|first4=P. A.|last5=Lee|first5=J.-H.|last6=Rathbone|first6=A. J.|last7=Choi|first7=I.|last8=Campbell|first8=K. H. S.|last9=Gardner|first9=D. S.|title=Healthy ageing of cloned sheep|journal=Nature Communications|volume=7|pages=12359|language=en|doi=10.1038/ncomms12359|pmid=27459299|pmc=4963533|date=26 July 2016|bibcode=2016NatCo...712359S}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Klein|first1=Joanna|title=Dolly the Sheep’s Fellow Clones, Enjoying Their Golden Years|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/27/science/dolly-the-sheep-clones.html|accessdate=27 July 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 July 2016}} 23. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Grisham | first1 = Julie | journal = Nature Biotechnology | title= Pigs cloned for first time| volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 365 | doi = 10.1038/74335 | date = April 2000 | pmid = | pmc = }} 24. ^1 Shukman, David (14 January 2014) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25576718 China cloning on an 'industrial scale'] BBC News, Retrieved 14 January 2014 25. ^{{Cite news |url = http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html |title = Texas A&M scientists clone world’s first deer |accessdate = 1 January 2007 |date = 23 December 2003 |work = Innovations Report |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061111000645/http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/biowissenschaften_chemie/bericht-24409.html |archivedate = 11 November 2006 |df = dmy-all }} 26. ^{{cite web|last1=Cohen|first1=Haley|title=How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/07/polo-horse-cloning-adolfo-cambiaso|website=VFNews|publisher=Vanity Fair|accessdate=27 December 2015|date=31 July 2015}} 27. ^{{cite web | last = Lozano | first = Juan A. | title = A&M Cloning project raises questions still | work = Bryan-College Station Eagle | date = 27 June 2005 | url = https://www.theeagle.com/news/a_m/a-m-cloning-project-raises-questions-still/article_16a5097d-9501-58f3-b99a-24290f3a49ca.html | accessdate = 2018-10-16 }} 28. ^{{Cite news| title =Endangered sheep cloned | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1573309.stm | accessdate =12 November 2007 |work = BBC News | date=1 October 2001 | location=London}} 29. ^{{Cite journal|author=Jaenisch R|author2=Hochedlinger K|author3=Eggan K |title=Nuclear cloning, epigenetic reprogramming and cellular differentiation |journal=Novartis Found. Symp. |volume=265 |pages=107–18; discussion 118–28 |date=2005 |pmid=16050253 |doi=10.1002/0470091452.ch9|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia|isbn=978-0-470-09145-6}} 30. ^{{Cite journal|author=Rideout WM|author2=Eggan K|author3=Jaenisch R |title=Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5532 |pages=1093–8 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11498580 |doi=10.1126/science.1063206}} 31. ^{{cite news|last1=Zastrow|first1=Mark|title=Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2076681-inside-the-cloning-factory-that-creates-500-new-animals-a-day/|accessdate=23 February 2016|publisher=New Scientist|date=8 February 2016}} 32. ^Roger Highfield [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3314696/Dolly-creator-Prof-Ian-Wilmut-shuns-cloning.html "Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning"]. Daily Telegraph 16 November 2007 33. ^{{Cite journal |author=Trounson AO |title=Future and applications of cloning |journal=Methods Mol. Biol. |volume=348 |pages=319–32 |date=2006 |pmid=16988390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9XC8uLgmT4C&pg=PA319 |doi=10.1007/978-1-59745-154-3_22 |series=Methods in Molecular Biology |isbn=978-1-58829-280-3}} 34. ^{{Cite news| title =Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning | url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4409958/Extinct-ibex-is-resurrected-by-cloning.html | accessdate =1 February 2009 |work = The Telegraph | location=London | first1=Richard | last1=Gray | first2=Roger | last2=Dobson | date=31 January 2009}} 35. ^{{cite magazine |last=Jabr |first=Ferris |date=11 March 2013 |title=Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals? |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloning-endangered-animals |journal=Scientific American |access-date=15 January 2014}} 36. ^{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2016/07/clones-da-ovelha-dolly-envelheceram-com-boa-saude-diz-estudo.html|title=Clones da ovelha Dolly envelheceram com boa saúde, diz estudo|date=26 July 2016|publisher=Rede Globo|language=portuguese}} 37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36893506|title=Dolly the sheep's siblings 'healthy'|date=26 July 2016|website=News – Science and Environment|publisher=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=27 July 2016}} 38. ^{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-dolly-the-sheep-led-the-way-where-is-cloning-now/|title=20 Years after Dolly the Sheep Led the Way—Where Is Cloning Now?|last=Weintraub|first=Karen|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=2016-12-02}} 39. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jul/26/dollys-clones-ageing-no-differently-to-naturally-conceived-sheep-study-finds|title=Dolly’s clones ageing no differently to naturally-conceived sheep, study finds|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=2016-07-26|work=|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-12-02|via=}} 40. ^{{cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen|display-authors=etal|title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30057-6 |date=24 January 2018 |journal=Cell |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=881–887.e7 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327|accessdate=24 January 2018 }} 41. ^{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |title=These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/these-monkey-twins-are-first-primate-clones-made-method-developed-dolly |date=24 January 2018 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aat1066 |accessdate=24 January 2018}} 42. ^{{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=BBC News |accessdate=24 January 2018 }} 43. ^{{cite news |author=Associated Press |title=Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=24 January 2018 }} 44. ^{{cite news |author=Science China Press |title=Gene-edited disease monkeys cloned in China |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-01/scp-gdm012119.php |date=23 January 2019 |work=EurekAlert! |accessdate=24 January 2019 }} 45. ^{{cite news |last=Mandelbaum |first=Ryan F. |title=China's Latest Cloned-Monkey Experiment Is an Ethical Mess |url=https://gizmodo.com/chinas-latest-cloned-monkey-experiment-is-an-ethical-me-1831987348 |date=23 January 2019 |work=Gizmodo |accessdate=24 January 2019 }} External links{{Commons category|Dolly (sheep)}}
13 : 1996 animal births|2003 animal deaths|1996 in Scotland|Cloned sheep|Cloning|Individual sheep|Individual animals in the United Kingdom|Collections of the National Museums of Scotland|History of Midlothian|Dolly Parton|Individual animals in Scotland|1996 in biotechnology|2003 in Scotland |
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