| 词条 | Northern Pomo language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Northern Pomo |states=United States |region=Northern California |speakers=1 |date=2007 |ref=e19 |familycolor=American |fam1=Pomoan |fam2=Western |iso3=pej |glotto=nort2966 |glottorefname=Northern Pomo |map=Pomoan languages map.svg |mapcaption=The seven Pomoan languages with an indication of their pre-contact distribution within California }}Northern Pomo is a critically endangered Pomoan language indigenous to California. The Pomo were a group of people who spoke what was documented as the Pomoan languages, and the speakers of Northern Pomo were those who lived specifically in the northern and largest area of the Pomoan territory. Other communities near to the Pomo were the Coast Yuki, the Huchnom, and the Athabascan.[1][2] ClassificationNorthern Pomo falls under the Western branch of the Pomoan language family, and it is the only language categorized in this branch that is not part of the Southern group. HistoryThe earliest noted documentation of Native Americans in this area was by General Drake in 1579, but it cannot be certain that the people he encountered were what is now considered to be the Pomo.[1] A census was delivered of the people in this area by Colonel Redick M'Kee during an expedition in 1851 putting the Pomo at roughly 1000-1200 people.[1] The language was not documented during either encounters. Later expeditions by John Wesley Powell[3] in 1891 and Samuel Barrett[1] in 1908 would record accounts of the language family and its branches. Geographic DistributionNorthern Pomo was spoken in the United States of America in the northern coastal area of California. The Pomo inhabited a massive amount of territory north of the San Francisco Bay and surrounding Clear Lake in northern California, USA.[1][4] Branches and SubgroupsThe Pomoan language was separated into seven different categories:
Each one is a different language that is a subcategory of the Pomoan language family. GrammarRelational TerminologyNorthern Pomo normally avoids the use of birth names in conversation, instead using relational terminology such as father, mother, sister, etc. This is especially present in the case of a deceased family member.[5] The avoidance of names is why third person referencing is prevalent in Pomoan speech. If the deceased family member was close to the speaker, they will not speak their name even if a living relative shares that name. Any speaking partner is expected to avoid these names so that the speaker does not hear it. It is seen as a disrespect to their relationship with the deceased.[5] More casual speakers may mention the names of the deceased in conversation that they are not related to. Possessive TerminologyNorthern Pomo switches between regular possession and possessor raising depending upon the term the speaker wants to focus upon. In a regular possession situation, the subject of the sentence remains the focus, whereas with possessor raising the object or person being possessed becomes the focus of the sentence.[6] Depending on which construction is used in Northern Pomo the implications of a given sentence would change. Sentences with possessor raising constructions imply consequences in Northern Pomo, such as the consequences of a possessor affecting a body part or having a certain physical trait.[6] Phonology
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 Barrett, Samuel A. (1908). The Ethno-Geography of the pomo and neighboring indians. University of California Publications: American Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 6. Berkerley: The University Press. Berkeley, California. 2. ^Powers, Stephen, Powell, John Wesley, and Heizer, Robert F. ed.. Letter. N.d. (orig.1875-1882). (pub.1975). Part II: letters of stephen powers to john wesley powell concerning tribes of california. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility. Web. 4 Mar. 2017. 3. ^Powell, John Wesley. (1891). Indian Linguistic Families Of America, North Of Mexico. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 7:1-142. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 4. ^Kunkel, P. H. (1974). The Pomo Kin Group and the Political Unit in Aboriginal California. The journal of california anthropology: 7-18. Retrieved from: [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5632v2b1 Kunkel]. 5. ^1 O'Connor, Mary. (Jul., 1990) Third-Person Reference in Northern Pomo Conversation: The Indexing of Discourse Genre and Social Relations. International journal of american linguistics. Vol. 56, No. 3 , pp. 377-409. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois. 6. ^1 O’Connor, M. (1994). The Marking of Possession in Northern Pomo: Privative Opposition and Pragmatic Inference. Annual meeting of the berkeley linguistics society. (387-401). Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley, California 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://northernpomolanguagetools.com/sounds/|title=Sounds and Letters|last=|first=|date=|website=Northern Pomo Language Tools|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-06}} Further reading
External links
6 : Pomoan languages|Indigenous languages of California|Extinct languages of North America|Languages of the United States|Pomo tribe|Languages extinct in the 2000s |
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