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词条 Northern white rhinoceros
释义

  1. Living rhinos

      Ol Pejeta Conservancy  

  2. Recently deceased rhinos

      Wild population    Garamba National Park    Captive population    Dvůr Králové Zoo    San Diego Zoo Safari Park    List  

  3. Population chart

  4. Taxonomy

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}{{subspeciesbox
| name = Northern white rhinoceros
| image = Northern White Rhinoceros Angalifu.jpg
| image_caption = Angalifu, a male northern white rhinoceros at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Angalifu died of natural causes at the age of 44 on December 14, 2014.[1]
| status = PEW
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = [2]
| genus = Ceratotherium
| species = simum
| species_link = White rhinoceros
| subspecies = cottoni
| authority = (Lydekker, 1908)
| range_map = Mapa distribuicao original white rhino.png
| range_map_caption = Orange = Northern white rhino range, Green = Southern white rhino range
}}

The northern white rhinoceros, or northern square-lipped rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni), is one of two subspecies of the white rhinoceros (the other being the southern white rhinoceros). Formerly found in several countries in East and Central Africa south of the Sahara, this subspecies is a grazer in grasslands and savanna woodlands. As of March 19, 2018, there were only two known rhinos of this subspecies left, both of which are female; barring the existence of unknown or misclassified male northern white rhinos elsewhere in Africa, this makes the subspecies functionally extinct. The two female rhinos belong to the Dvůr Králové Zoo in the Czech Republic but live in the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya and are protected round-the-clock by armed guards.

According to the latest International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessment from 2011, the subspecies is considered "Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct in the Wild)."[2]

Living rhinos

Ol Pejeta Conservancy

The zoo population is declining, and northern whites have rarely reproduced in captivity. There are now only two northern white rhinos left:

  • Najin, a female, was born in captivity in 1989. She is the mother of Fatu.[3] Her mother was Nasima and her father was Sudan.[4]
  • Fatu, also a female, was born in captivity in 2000.[3] Her mother is Najin and her father was Saut.[5]

They both belong to the Dvůr Králové Zoo in the Czech Republic, but live in Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, Africa.[6] They arrived at the conservancy after an air and road trip on December 20, 2009,[7] along with two male northern white rhinos from the Dvůr Králové Zoo, Suni and Sudan. However, Suni, a male born at Dvůr Králové Zoo in 1980, died from natural causes in Ol Pejeta Conservancy in 2014.[8][9] Sudan, caught from the wild in 1975, died on March 19, 2018.[4][10][11]

After the transport, the four rhinos were under constant watch by specialists and staff, and lived in specially constructed bomas with access to a 400×400-metre paddock area, allowing them to acclimatize to their new surroundings.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} To prevent any unnecessary injuries they might inflict on each other while interacting in their fenced area, and give their horns an opportunity to regrow to a natural shape (as their front horns had grown bent by much rubbing against enclosure bars in captivity), all the rhinos were sedated and their horns were sawn off. This also made them less vulnerable to the poaching that drove their species to near extinction, as the horn is what the poachers are after. In place of their horns, radio transmitters have been installed to allow closer monitoring of their whereabouts.[12] They are protected round-the-clock by armed guards.[13] Poachers have been selling their horns for $110,000 per kilogram($50,000 per pound).[14]

Since May 2010, the northern white rhino male Sudan was moved from the initial holding pens to a much larger {{convert|700|acre|km2|adj=on}} semiwild enclosure. There he roamed among many African animals, including several southern white rhino females and many plains animals. On October 26, 2011, the females were coaxed into the larger enclosure. Because Najin was overly protective of her daughter Fatu's chance at mating, one of the two moved back into the smaller enclosure two weeks later.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Until 2011, the progress of this attempt at saving the northern white rhinoceros was documented on the initiative's website;[15] and their life in Ol Pejeta Conservancy is commented on on the Conservancy's website. Several documentaries are in the works, including an episode of Ol Pejeta Diaries entitled "Return of the African Titans" for Oasis HD Canada fall 2010, and a follow-up half-hour episode to follow. This translocation was also the subject of a BBC Last Chance to See special entitled "Return of the Rhino",[16] presented by Stephen Fry and the zoologist Mark Carwardine; the TV program reported at the end that the two pairs of rhinos were "flirting".

On April 25, 2012, and on May 27, 2012, Suni and Najin mated.[17] Pregnancy of the female rhinos was monitored weekly.[18] Rhinoceros gestation period takes 16 to 18 months,[19] so in January 2014 the Conservancy considered Najin not pregnant, and a male southern white rhino from Lewa Wildlife Conservancy was put to Najin and Fatu enclosure in Ol Pejeta to at least intercross the subspecies. To achieve this, both female northern white rhinos were separated from their male counterparts, which prevented them from producing a pure northern white rhino offspring.[20][21] In 2015, however, tests conducted by Czech specialists revealed that neither of the females are "capable of natural reproduction".[22][23] According to the director of the Dvůr Králové Zoo, it was possible Najin became pregnant but miscarried shortly after, which resulted in pathological changes in its uterus, preventing another impregnation.[24]

At the end of 2015, scientists from the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Tiergarten Schönbrunn, and Dvůr Králové Zoo developed a plan to reproduce northern white rhinos using natural gametes of the living rhinos and induced pluripotent stem cells. Subsequently, in the future, it might be possible to specifically mature the cells into specific cells such as neurons and muscle cells, in a similar way in which Katsuhiko Hayashi has grown mice out of simple skin cells. The DNA of a dozen northern white rhinos has been preserved in genetic banks in Berlin and San Diego.[25]

Recently deceased rhinos

Wild population

The northern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) formerly ranged over parts of northwestern Uganda, southern South Sudan, the eastern part of Central African Republic, and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.[26] Their range possibly extended as far west as Lake Chad, into Chad and Cameroon.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Poachers reduced their population from 500 to 15 in the 1970s and 1980s. From the early 1990s through mid-2003, the population recovered to more than 32 animals.[27][28] Since mid-2003, poaching has intensified and further reduced the wild population.[27]

Garamba National Park

The last known surviving population of wild northern white rhinos was in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[29]

In January 2005, the government of the DRC approved a two-part plan for five northern white rhinos to be moved from Garamba National Park to a wildlife sanctuary in Kenya. The second part commits the government and its international partners to increase conservation efforts in Garamba, so the northern white rhinos can be returned when it is safe again.[30] However, the translocation did not occur.

In August 2005, ground and aerial surveys conducted under the direction of African Parks Foundation and the African Rhino Specialist Group (ARSG) had only found four animals, a solitary adult male and a group of one adult male and two adult females.[31] They were the last known wild northern white rhinos, according to the World Wide Fund for Nature.[32]

In June 2008, it was reported that the species may have gone extinct in the wild, since there has been no sighting of these four known remaining individuals since 2006, or of their signs since 2007, despite intensive systematic ground and aerial searches in 2008.[2][33] One carcass has been found.[2][34][35] On November 28, 2009, two Russian helicopter pilots reported seeing rhinoceroses in southern Sudan.[36] It was assumed that the three rhinos that were spotted belonged to the northern white rhinoceros subspecies, as black rhinos had not lived in the area for a long time and southern white rhinos never lived in southern Sudan.[37] However, as of August 2011, no other sightings have been reported, and this population is now considered to have probably gone extinct.[2]

Captive population

At the beginning of 2015, the fully captive northern white rhino population consisted of only two animals maintained in two zoological institutions: in the United States (San Diego Zoo Safari Park) and the Czech Republic (Dvůr Králové Zoo). However, both of them died later the same year, and no zoo in the world has any northern white rhinos any longer.

Dvůr Králové Zoo

In 1975, the Dvůr Králové Zoo, located in Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Czech Republic, got six northern white rhinos from Sudan and, in later years, two more from English zoos. One rhino from an English zoo arrived pregnant. The Dvůr Králové Zoo is the only one in the world where northern white rhinos birthed offspring, with the last calf being born in 2000; the current world population consists of their shared descendants.[38][4][5]

Former residents include:

  • Ben, a male wild born in Africa in about 1951. He was transferred to Dvůr Králové Zoo from a faculty in England and died June 25, 1990.[4]
  • Nasima, a female wild born in Uganda in about 1965. She was transferred pregnant to Dvůr Králové Zoo from a faculty in England. She was the mother of Nasi, Suni, Nabire, and Najin. She birthed four out of five Northern White Rhino calves born in captivity, making her the most fruitful Northern White in captivity to date.[4][39] She died in 1992 at about age 27.[5]
  • Saut, a male caught from the wild in Sudan in 1975 at about 3 years of age.[4] He was the father of Suni and Fatu. He was loaned to San Diego Zoo Safari Park by Dvůr Králové Zoo from 1989 until 1998 when he was returned to Dvůr Králové Zoo. He mated with females at both faculties.[5][40] He died in August 2006 around age 33.[41]
  • Nuri, a female caught from the wild in Sudan in 1975 at about 3 years of age. She died January 4, 1982 at about age 10.[4]
  • Nesari, a female caught from the wild in Sudan in 1975 at about 3 years of age. She died in 2011 at age 39.[42][4]
  • Nasi, a female born at Dvůr Králové Zoo on November 11, 1977. Her mother was Nasima and her father was a southern white rhino, which made her a northern and southern white rhino hybrid. She died in 2008 at about age 31.[4][43]
  • Suni, a male born at Dvůr Králové Zoo on June 8, 1980. He was the half-brother of Najin and Fatu, but through different parents. His mother was Nasima and his father was Saut.[5][4] He had mated while in zoos. Was transferred to Ol Pejeta Conservancy in 2009. Some of his sperm has been collected and frozen. On October 17, 2014, due to his old age, he died of natural causes.[8][9]
  • Nabire, born at Dvůr Králové Zoo on November 15, 1983. Her mother was Nasima and her father was Sudan. She died on July 27, 2015.[4][44]
  • Sudan, caught from the wild in Sudan in 1975 at about 3 years of age. He was the father of Najin and the late Nabire.[4][39] In March 2018, his state seriously deteriorated despite intensive care due to a recurrent infection in his right hind leg,[45] and he was euthanized on March 19, 2018.[10][11] He was the last known male of the subspecies.

Dvůr Králové Zoo sent Suni, Sudan and two females, which are still alive, to the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya on December 19, 2009[46] in a joint effort by the zoo, Fauna and Flora International, Back to Africa, Lewa, and Kenya Wildlife Service. Hoping to stimulate the rhinos' sexual appetite, the zoo decided to send them back into their natural habitat in Kenya. The agreement with the Kenyan government expects the rhinos never to be returned to the Czech Republic.

The female named Nabire stayed in Dvůr Králové Zoo, because, as Jan Stejskal, a projects coordinator at the zoo, stated, "she is no longer capable of breeding naturally. But it seems she has one healthy ovary and this could provide us with material from which to create an embryo in artificial conditions." Efforts to do so began in autumn 2014.[47] Immediately after the death of Nabire in 2015, her ovary with four oocytes was removed and transferred to a laboratory in Cremona, Italy. The laboratory was able to extract two egg cells and fertilise them. However, without consulting the Dvůr Králové Zoo, the semen of a southern white rhino was used instead of a northern white rhino, which the zoo considers a wasted opportunity.[48] Nevertheless, the experiment showed that viable hybrid embryos of the northern and southern white rhino are possible through IVF, as well as a path to the creation of pure northern white rhino embryos.[49][50]

San Diego Zoo Safari Park

The San Diego Zoo Safari Park in San Diego, California, had eight wild-caught northern white rhinos.[51][5]

Former residents include:

  • Dinka, a male caught from the wild in Sudan in 1957 at about 5 years of age, which arrived from another U.S. zoo in 1972. He died in 1974.[5]
  • Bill, a male caught from the wild in Sudan in 1956 at about 4 years of age, which arrived from another U.S. zoo in 1972. He died in 1975.[5]
  • Lucy, a male caught from the wild in Sudan in 1956 at about 4 years of age, which arrived from another U.S. zoo in 1972. He died in 1979.[5]
  • Joyce, a female caught from the wild in Sudan in 1957 at about 5 years of age, which arrived from another U.S. zoo in 1972. She died in 1996.[5]
  • Saut, a male caught from the wild in Sudan in 1975 at about 3 years of age, which was on loan from Dvůr Králové Zoo from 1989–1998. He died in August 2006 at about age 33.[5][41]
  • Nadi, a female caught from the wild in Sudan in 1975 at about 3 years of age, which was on loan since 1989 from Dvůr Králové Zoo. She died on May 30, 2007 at about age 35.[51][5]
  • Angalifu, a male caught from the wild in Sudan in 1973 at about 1 year of age, which was on loan since 1990 from Khartoum Zoo in Khartoum. He died on December 14, 2014 at about age 42.[1][5]
  • Nola, a female caught from the wild in Sudan in 1975 at about 1 year of age, which was on loan since 1989 from Dvůr Králové Zoo.[52][53][54] She died on November 22, 2015 at about age 41.[55]

The San Diego Wild Animal Park provided Angalifu's semen to female rhinos at the Dvůr Králové Zoo but the insemination attempts were unsuccessful. The only reproductive animals of this subspecies were transported to Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya.

In 2016, it was reported that scientists were exploring alternatives (such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer) to develop northern white rhino embryos and implant them in female southern white rhinos at the San Diego Zoo.[56]

List

List of known northern white rhinoceros in captivity (updated 2011)[57][58]
Stud #SexNameDate of birthPlace of birthDate of deathPlace of death
15MPaul1948-08-07Sudan1968-04-13Antwerp Zoo
16FChloe1948-06-07Sudan1985-08-07Antwerp Zoo
19MBen1950-07-25Uganda1990-06-25Dvůr Králové Zoo
27MBill1954-03-04Sudan1975-05-02San Diego Zoo Safari Park
28FLucy1954-03-04Sudan1979-03-15San Diego Zoo Safari Park
54M[n/a]1963-04-01Sudan1985-12-31Riyadh National Zoo
55F[n/a]1963-04-01Sudan1985-12-31Riyadh National Zoo
74MDinka1952-07-28South Sudan1991-01-28San Diego Zoo Safari Park
75FJoyce1953-01-28South Sudan1974-08-15San Diego Zoo Safari Park
290FBebe1950-07-01Uganda1964-05-29Zoological Society of London
345FTofacha1970-01-01Sudan1978-09-12Al Ain Zoo
347M[n/a]1968-04-01Sudan1978-01-18Khartoum Zoo
348MAngalifu1972-04-01Sudan2014-12-14San Diego Zoo Safari Park
351FNasima1965-07-01Uganda1992-08-28Dvůr Králové Zoo
372MSudan1973-09-19Sudan2018-03-19Ol Pejeta Conservancy
373MSaut1972-09-19Sudan2006-08-14Dvůr Králové Zoo
374FNola1974-09-19Sudan2015-11-22San Diego Zoo Safari Park
375FNuri1973-09-19Sudan1982-01-04Dvůr Králové Zoo
376FNadi1972-09-19Sudan2007-05-30San Diego Zoo Safari Park
377FNesari1972-09-19Sudan2011-05-26Dvůr Králové Zoo
476FNasi1977-11-11Dvůr Králové Zoo2007-07-20Dvůr Králové Zoo
630MSuni1980-06-08Dvůr Králové Zoo2014-10-18Ol Pejeta Conservancy
789FNabire1983-11-15Dvůr Králové Zoo2015-07-27Dvůr Králové Zoo
943FNajin1989-07-11Dvůr Králové Zoo
1122F[n/a]1991-07-18Dvůr Králové Zoo1991-07-18Dvůr Králové Zoo
1123F[n/a]1963-04-01Sudan1967-08-02Khartoum Zoo
1252?[n/a]1948-11-17Sudan1949-01-29Khartoum Zoo
1305FFatu2000-06-29Dvůr Králové Zoo

Population chart

Northern White Rhino Population by Location and Year, 1909–2018
Location1909[59]1960*1975*198419951996199820002003200620072008200920112014201520172018
Wild2,000–3,000*2,000*[18]500*[27]15[39]35[39]29[28]26-31[28]30-36[28]30[34]4[34]n/a0[34][39]000000
Central African Republicn/an/an/a000000000000000
Dem. Republic of Congon/an/an/a15352926-3130-36304n/a0000000
South Sudann/an/an/a000000000000000
Ugandan/an/an/a000000000000000
Captivityn/a7[5]15[5]16[4][5]11[4][5]10[4][5]10[4][5]11[4][5]11[4][5]10[4][5][41]8[5][43][51]8[60]8[60]7[61]5[1]3[55]3[62]2[63]
Dvůr Králové Zoo,

Czech Republic

n/a06966788766211000
Khartoum Zoo, Sudann/a02100000000000000
Ol Pejeta

Conservancy, Kenya

n/a00000000000443332
San Diego Zoo, USAn/a02154333322221000
Other zoo facultiesn/a75500000000000000
Total2,000-

3,000*

2,000*500*31463936-4141-47411488875332
  • estimate

Taxonomy

Following the phylogenetic species concept, recent research has suggested the northern white rhinoceros may be an altogether different species, rather than a subspecies of white rhinoceros, in which case the correct scientific name for the former is Ceratotherium cottoni. Distinct morphological and genetic differences suggest the two proposed species have been separated for at least a million years.[64] However, the results of the research were not universally accepted by other scientists.[2]

References

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4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Breeding Experience With Northern White Rhinos At Zoo Dvur Kralove. Zoo Dvur Kralove (1990) Retrieved 31 August 2017.
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46. ^Four of the World's Last Known Eight Northern White Rhinos Come Home to Africa {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330112658/http://www.olpejetaconservancy.org/node/215 |date=30 March 2010 }}, Ol Pejeta website, Saturday, 19 December 2009
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}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |title= The Rhinoceros in Captivity |last1=Rookmaker |first1=L.C. | year=1998 |publisher= SPB Academic Publishing|location=The Hague |isbn=90-5103-134-3 |pages=409 |accessdate=22 March 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDijgNs_7Q0C&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false}}

External links

{{Wikispecies|Ceratotherium simum cottoni}}{{Commons}}{{Wikinews|Kenyan conservancy euthanises last male northern white rhino; only two females remain}}
  • Ol Pejeta Conservancy
  • [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4183/10575517 A detailed IUCN Red List entry]
  • An older list of northern white rhinos in captivity (In Czech)
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1614957}}

4 : Rhinoceroses|Mammals of Kenya|Mammals of Sudan|Critically endangered fauna of Africa
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