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词条 North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
释义

  1. Sub-basins

  2. History of the basin

  3. Tropical Cyclone seasons

     1890s  1900s  1910s  1920s  1930s  1940s  1950s  1960s  1970s  1980s  1990s  2000s  2010s 

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

In the Indian Ocean north of the equator, tropical cyclones can form throughout the year on either side of India. On the east side is the Bay of Bengal, and on the west side is the Arabian Sea.

Sub-basins

The Bay of Bengal, located in the northeast of the Indian Ocean, is responsible for the formation of some of the strongest and deadliest tropical cyclones in the world. The basin is abbreviated BOB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the basin. The Bay of Bengal's coast is shared among India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and western part of Thailand. The strongest storm in the bay was the 1999 Odisha cyclone.

The Arabian Sea is a sea located in the northwest of the Indian Ocean. Tropical cyclones in the basin are abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) of the basin. The Arabian Sea's coast is shared among India, Yemen, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Somalia.[1] Monsoons are characteristic of the Arabian Sea and responsible for the yearly cycling of its waters. In summer, strong winds blow from the southwest to the northeast, bringing rain to the Indian subcontinent. During the winter, the winds are milder and blow in the opposite direction, from the northeast to the southwest.[1] Cyclones are rare in the Arabian Sea, but the basin can produce strong tropical cyclones. Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu was the strongest recorded tropical cyclone in the basin.[2][3]

[4] However, storms typically do not reach a high intensity in the Arabian Sea due to dry air coming from the desert of the Arabian Peninsula and unfavorable wind shear from the monsoon.[5]

History of the basin

The systematic scientific studies of tropical systems in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea was started during the 19th century by Henry Piddington.[6] Piddington utilised meteorological logs of vessels that navigated the seas and published a series of memoirs, in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal” between 1839 and 1858.[6] These memoirs gave accounts and tracks of individual storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[6]

During the 2004 post monsoon season the IMD started to name tropical cyclones within the basin, with the first one named Cyclone Onil during September 2004.[7] During 2015 a modification to the intensity scale took place, with the IMD and WMO calling a system with 3-minute maximum sustained wind speeds between {{convert|90|kn|km/h mph|round=5}} and {{convert|120|kn|km/h mph|round=5}} an extremely severe cyclonic storm.[8]

Water temperatures in the Arabian Sea are typically warm enough to allow for tropical cyclogenesis year round, although strong wind shear from the monsoon trough prevents formation in the summer months and limits intensity other times of the year. An increase in air pollution since the 1930s caused a decrease in the wind shear, allowing storms to have become stronger since 1979.[9]

Tropical Cyclone seasons

1890s

Year D CS SCS[10] Notes
1890 10 4 1
1891 13 4 3 Total includes 1 Land Severe Cyclonic Storm
1892 12 7 2
1893 12 10 4
1894 12 6 0
1895 11 5 4
1896 10 8 3
1897 12 6 8
1898 13 7 3
1899 7 3 0
References[11]

1900s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
19001031
1901632
19021375
19031482
1904940
19051060
19061171
19071584
1908961
1909884
References[11]

1910s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
1910652
1911754
1912962
19131062
1914842
1915960
19161485
19171031
19181150
19191163
References[11]

1920s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
1920950
19211041
19221366
19231643
19241360
19252073
192613103
19271872
19281370
19291560
References[11]

1930s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
193014101
19311151
19321462
19331683
19341650
19351562
19361763
1937 19 6 2
1938 10 4 4
1939 19 7 3
References[11]

1940s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
1940 16 8 5
1941 19 8 4
1942 14 5 2
1943 14 7 1
1944 19 8 2
1945 15 3 2
1946 17 5 1
1947 18 4 2
1948 18 6 3
1949 12 1 1
References[11]

1950s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
1950 16 4 0
1951 15 4 2
1952 17 4 2
1953 10 1 1
1954 14 1 0
1955 13 6 2
1956 14 4 2
1957 7 4 2
1958 12 5 2
1959 16 6 3
References[11]

1960s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
1960 15 5 3 Ten 20299}}{{ntsp>9400000$} Vast majority of the fatalities resulted from two cyclones striking East Pakistan three weeks apart
1961 18 5 4 Three 11525}}0|Unknown}} Three land depressions developed this season
1962 13 5 3 Twelve 769}}34500000$} Deadliest storm, Harriet, crossed over from the Western Pacific
1963 17 6 4 Three 11735}}0|Unknown}} Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm; had the lowest measured pressure in the basin at the time at 919.9 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg)
1964 16 7 5 Sixteen {{nts>1827}}{{ntsp>150000000$} Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm
1965 14 6 4
1966 18 8 6
1967 15 6 4
1968 13 7 4
1969 14 6 1
References[11]

1970s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
1970 15 7 3 Bhola Cyclone 300,000-500,000 86.4 million The Bhola Cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide
1971 15 7 6
1972 18 7 6
1973 16 6 3
1974 12 7 3
1975 20 7 4
1976 14 10 7
1977 18 5 5
1978 14 5 3
1979 11 5 4
References[11]

1980s

Year D CS SCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
1980 14 3 0
1981 12 6 3
1982 20 5 5
1983 8 3 2
1984 7 3 3
1985 15 7 2
1986 8 1 0
1987 9 5 3
1988 9 3 2 04B 6,740 13 million
1989 10 3 5 Gay 1,785 25.27 Million Gay crossed over from the West Pacific Basin
References[11]

1990s

Year D DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes and
References
1990 11 6 2 2 1 1 1 BOB 01 967}}600000000$} [12][13]
1991 9 4 3 1 1 1 1 BOB 01 138000|>138,000}}1500000000$} [13]
1992 13 11 7 2 1 1 0 Forrest 000189|189}}69000000$} Forrest crossed over from the West Pacific Basin
1993 5 4 2 2 2 0 0 BOB 03 000714|714}}216000000$}
1994 5 5 4 2 2 1 0 BOB 02 000315|315}}12500000$}
1995 8 6 3 2 2 1 0 BOB 07 000554|554}}46300000$}
1996 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 BOB 05 002075|2,075}}1900000000$}
1997 9 7 3 2 1 1 0 BOB 01 000117|117}} Unknown
1998 13 10 6 5 3 1 0 ARB 02 010212|>10,212}}3000000000$}
1999 10 8 5 3 3 2 1 BOB 06 15780|15,780}}5000000000$} The Orissa cyclone is the strongest cyclone recorded in the Northern Indian Ocean.
References[11]

2000s

Year D DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
2000 7 6 5 2 2 2 0 BOB 05 238|238}}185000000$}
2001 6 5 4 1 1 1 0 ARB 01 108|108}}104000000$}
2002 7 7 4 1 0 0 0 BOB 04 182|182}}25000000$}
2003 7 5 3 3 1 0 0 ARB 06 358|358}}163000000$}
2004 10 7 4 3 1 1 0 BOB 01 587|587}}129800000$} Cyclone Agni Formed closest to the Equator (0.7N)
2005 12 7 3 0 0 0 0 Pyarr 273|273}}21400000$}
2006 12 6 3 2 1 1 0 Mala 623|623}}6700000$}
2007 11 8 4 2 2 2 1 Gonu 16248|16,248}}6400000000$}
2008 10 7 4 1 1 1 0 Nargis 140422|>140,422}}14700000000$}
2009 8 6 4 1 0 0 0 Aila 421|421}}618400000$}
References[11]

2010s

Year D DD CS SCS VSCS ESCS SuCS[10] Strongest
storm 		Deaths Damages
(USD) 		Notes
2010 8 6 5 4 2 1 0 Giri 402 2985000000$}
2011 10 6 2 1 1 0 0 Thane 360 277000000$}
2012 5 5 2 0 0 0 0 Nilam 128 56700000$} The first depression of the year did not develop until October 10.
2013 10 6 5 4 3 1 0 Phailin 323 1500000000$}
2014 8 5 3 2 2 2 0 Nilofar 183 3400000000$}
2015 12 9 4 2 2 2 0 Chapala 363 358000000$}
2016 10 5 4 1 1 0 0 Vardah 403 7980000000$}
2017 10 6 3 2 1 0 0 Ockhi 761 8877323400$} First ever cyclone to make landfall with peak intensity on Myanmar in April.
2018 14 9 7 5 3 1 0 Mekunu 349 3159000000$} Highest number of systems since 1985. First simultaneous cyclonic storms in Bay of Bengal (Titli) and Arabian Sea (Luban) since reliable records began.
2019 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Pabuk 0 Earliest-forming cyclonic storm in the basin.
References[11]

See also

{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
  • Tropical cyclone
  • Atlantic hurricane season
  • Pacific hurricane season
  • Pacific typhoon season
  • South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
  • Australian region tropical cyclone season
  • South Pacific tropical cyclone season
  • South Atlantic tropical cyclone
  • Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

Notes

A study analyzing the spring season of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal[14] found increases in both premonsoon precipitation and tropical cyclone intensity as a result of enhanced large-scale monsoon circulation after 1979. The deepened monsoon trough in the Bay of Bengal not only affects cyclone frequency and timing, but also acts to direct more cyclones towards Myanmar. Increased anthropogenic aerosols likely contributed to such a regional climate change.

1. ^1 http://www.mahalo.com/arabian-sea
2. ^http://pakistanweatherportal.com/2011/04/10/history-of-cyclones-in-the-arabian-sea/
3. ^http://pakistanweatherportal.com/2011/05/14/super-cyclones-future-of-arabian-sea/
4. ^http://www.pakweather.com/2013/05/tropics-that-affected-pakistani-coasts.html
5. ^{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman |publisher=Weather Underground|title=Cyclone Nilofar Recap|date=October 30, 2014|accessdate=March 28, 2016|url=https://latin.wunderground.com/news/cyclone-nilofar-india-pakistan-forecast-20141027}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite report|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/bestrack.pdf|title=Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean|date=2009-07-14|publisher=India Meteorological Department|accessdate=October 31, 2015}}
7. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/2004.pdf|date=January 2005|page=2|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6cj9Uy1SK|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2014|author=RSMC — Tropical Cyclones New Delhi|archivedate=November 2, 2015|deadurl=no}}
8. ^{{cite conference|page=10|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/3JS_Reportdraft_FINAL.pdf|title=Third Joint Session of Panel on Tropical Cyclones & Typhoon Committee February 9 – 13, 2015|location=Bangkok, Thailand|deadurl=no|archivedate=November 6, 2015|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6cqVZpGXz}}
9. ^{{cite journal|journal=Nature|title=Arabian Sea tropical cyclones intensified by emissions of black carbon and other aerosols|author1=Amato T. Evan |author2=James P. Kossin |author3=Chul ‘Eddy’ Chung |author4=V. Ramanathan |volume=479|issue=7371|pages=94–7|year=2011|bibcode = 2011Natur.479...94E |doi = 10.1038/nature10552 |pmid=22051678}}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Each column refers to how many Storms developed during the season with D=Depressions, DD=Deep Depressions, CS=Cyclonic Storms, SCS=Severe Cyclonic Storm, VSCS=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, ESCS=Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, SUCS=Super Cyclonic Storm. For further details please refer to Tropical cyclone scales
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/ANNUAL_FREQ_CYCLONIC_DISTURBANCES.pdf|title=Annual frequency of cyclonic disturbances (Maximum sustained windspeeds of 17 knots or more), Cyclones (34 knots or more) and Severe Cyclones (48 knots or more) over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Arabian Sea (AS) and land surface of India|publisher=India Meteorological Department|author=Unattributed|date=2010-08-31|accessdate=2011-08-20}}
12. ^{{cite report|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 1990|publisher=India Meteorological Department|archivedate=January 15, 2015|author=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (RSMC) - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1990.pdf|deadurl=no|accessdate=February 22, 2015|date=January 1992|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VaWYdOLl}}
13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-bb.htm|title=Historical records of Severe Cyclones which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall at the eastern coast of India during the period from 1970-1999|author=Unattributed|date=2008-06-26|publisher=India Meteorological Department|accessdate=2011-08-20}}
14. ^DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50396 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrd.50396/abstract

References

{{Reflist|2}}{{Natural disasters in India}}{{Cyclones}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of North Indian Ocean Cyclone Seasons}}

1 : North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
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