“Northrop Grumman X-47B”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Northrop Grumman X-47B is a demonstration unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) designed for aircraft carrier-based operations. Developed by the American defense technology company Northrop Grumman, the X-47 project began as part of DARPA's J-UCAS program, and subsequently became part of the United States Navy's Unmanned Combat Air System Demonstration (UCAS-D) program. The X-47B is a tailless jet-powered blended-wing-body aircraft capable of semi-autonomous operation and aerial refueling.^[1]

The X-47B first flew in 2011, and {{as of|2015|lc=on}}, its two active demonstrators have undergone extensive flight and operational integration testing, having successfully performed a series of land- and carrier-based demonstrations.^[2]^[3]^[5] In August 2014, the US Navy announced that it had integrated the X-47B into carrier operations alongside manned aircraft,^[4] and by May 2015 the aircraft's primary test program was declared complete.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] The X-47B demonstrators themselves were intended to become museum exhibits after the completion of their flight testing, but the Navy later decided to maintain them in flying condition pending further development.^[9]^[10]

Design and development

Origins

The US Navy did not commit to practical UCAS efforts until 2000, when the service awarded contracts of US$2 million each to Boeing and Northrop Grumman for a 15-month concept-exploration program.^[11] Design considerations for a naval UCAV included dealing with the corrosive saltwater environment, deck handling for launch and recovery, integration with command and control systems, and operation in an aircraft carrier's high-electromagnetic-interference environment. The Navy was also interested in procuring UCAVs for reconnaissance missions, penetrating protected airspace to identify targets for following attack waves.^[12] Northrop Grumman's proof-of-concept X-47A Pegasus, which provided the basis for the X-47B's development, first flew in 2003.^[13]

The J-UCAS program was terminated in February 2006 following the US military's Quadrennial Defense Review. The US Air Force and Navy proceeded with their own UAV programs. The Navy selected Northrop Grumman's X-47B as its unmanned combat air system demonstrator (UCAS-D) program.^[16] To provide realistic testing, the company built the demonstration vehicle to be the same size and weight as the projected operational craft, with a full-sized weapons bay capable of carrying existing missile systems.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

The X-47B prototype rolled out from Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, on 16 December 2008. Its first flight was planned for November 2009, but the flight was delayed as the project fell behind schedule. On 29 December 2009, Northrop Grumman oversaw towed taxi tests of the aircraft at the Palmdale facility,^[18] with the aircraft taxiing under its own power for the first time in January 2010.

Flight testing

The first flight of the X-47B demonstrator, designated Air Vehicle 1 (AV-1), took place at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on 4 February 2011.^[19]^[20]

The aircraft first flew in cruise configuration with its landing gear retracted on 30 September 2011.^[21] A second X-47B demonstrator, designated AV-2, conducted its maiden flight at Edwards Air Force Base on 22 November 2011.^[22]

The two X-47B demonstrators were initially planned to have a three-year test program with 50 tests at Edwards AFB and NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, culminating in sea trials in 2013.^[22]^[23] However, the aircraft performed so consistently that the preliminary tests stopped after 16 flights.^[24] Thereafter, the Navy decided to use the aircraft to demonstrate carrier launches and recoveries, as well as autonomous inflight refueling with a probe and drogue. In November 2011, the Navy announced that aerial refuelling equipment and software would be added to one of the prototype aircraft in 2014 for testing.^[25] The Navy also affirmed that the demonstrator aircraft would never be armed.^[24] In 2012, Northrop Grumman tested a wearable remote control system, designed to allow ground crews to steer the X-47B while on the carrier deck.^[26]

In May 2012, AV-1 began high-intensity electromagnetic interference testing at Patuxent River, to test its compatibility with planned electronic warfare systems.^[27] In June 2012, AV-2 arrived at Patuxent River to begin a series of tests, including arrested landings and catapult launches, to validate the ability of the aircraft to conduct precision approaches to an aircraft carrier.^[28] The drone{{'}}s first land-based catapult launch was conducted successfully on 29 November 2012.^[29]^[30]

On 26 November 2012, the X-47B began its carrier-based evaluation aboard the {{USS|Harry S. Truman|CVN-75}} at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia.^[31] On 18 December 2012, the X-47B completed its first at-sea test phase. The system was remarked to have performed "outstandingly", having proved that it was compatible with the flight deck, hangar bays, and communication systems of an aircraft carrier. With deck testing completed, the X-47B demonstrator returned to NAS Patuxent River for further tests.^[32] On 4 May 2013, the demonstrator successfully performed an arrested landing on a simulated carrier deck at Patuxent River.^[33] The Navy launched the X-47B from the {{USS|George H.W. Bush|CVN-77}} on the morning of 14 May 2013 in the Atlantic Ocean, marking the first time that an unmanned drone was catapulted off an aircraft carrier.^[34]^[35] On 17 May 2013, another first was achieved when the X-47B performed touch-and-go landings and take-offs on the flight deck of the USS George H.W. Bush while underway in the Atlantic Ocean.^[36]

On 10 July 2013, the X-47B launched from Patuxent River and landed on the deck of the George H.W. Bush, conducting the first ever arrested landing of a UAV on an aircraft carrier at sea.^[37] The drone subsequently completed a second successful arrested landing on the Bush, but a third attempt was diverted to the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia after a technical problem was detected, aborting the planned carrier landing.^[38] One of the drone's three navigational sub-systems failed, which was identified by the other two sub-systems. The anomaly was indicated to the mission operator, who followed test plan procedures to abort the landing. The Navy stated that the aircraft's detection of a problem demonstrated its reliability and ability to operate autonomously.^[39]

On 15 July 2013, the second X-47B demonstrator, designated 501, was forced to abort another planned landing on the Bush due to technical issues.^[40]^[46] Officials asserted that only one successful at-sea landing was required for the program, though testers were aiming for three, and only two out of four were achieved.^[46] The Navy continued flying the two X-47B demonstrators through 2014, after the service was criticised for prematurely retiring the testbeds.^[41] The Navy subsequently deployed the aircraft to carriers for three further test phases between 2013 and 2015, with the intent of demonstrating that unmanned aircraft could seamlessly work with a 70-plane carrier air wing.^[42]

On 18 September 2013, the X-47B flew the 100th flight for the UCAS-D program. The objectives of the program were finally completed in July, which included a total of 16 precision approaches to the carrier flight deck, including five tests of X-47B wave-off functions, nine touch-and-go landings, two arrested landings, and three catapult launches.^[43] On 10 November 2013, flight testing for the X-47B continued on board the {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71}}. During this phase, the X-47B's digitized carrier-controlled environment was tested; this involved the interface between the unmanned aircraft and carrier personnel during launching, recovering, and flight operations.^[44]

Sea trials on the USS Theodore Roosevelt in 2014 were intended to test the X-47B's ability to swiftly take off, land, and hold in a pattern among manned aircraft without disruption to carrier operations. The X-47B also operated with a jet-blast deflector on deck for the first time, allowing it to conduct takeoffs without disrupting operations taking place behind it.^[45] On 10 April 2014, the X-47B performed its first night flight.^[46]

Later that year on 17 August the aircraft took off and landed on the USS Theodore Roosevelt alongside an F/A-18 Hornet, marking the first time an unmanned aircraft operated in conjunction with manned aircraft aboard an aircraft carrier. The Hornet was launched from the carrier, followed by the X-47B. Both flew around the ship for 8 minutes, then the X-47B touched down and then immediately took off again to verify that all systems were working correctly. After 24 minutes, the X-47B landed on the flight deck and was then taxied away to give the Hornet room to land. All test objectives were met in the demonstration. The trials marked the X-47B's fifth test period at sea, having completed eight catapult launches from a carrier, 30 touch-and-goes, and seven arrested landings aboard the George H.W. Bush and Roosevelt.^[47] The testing was successfully completed on 24 August 2014, with the X-47B completing five catapult launches, four arrestments, and nine touch-and-go landings. Nighttime taxi and deckhandling operations on the flight deck were also performed for the first time. The X-47B met its objective of performing launches and recoveries at 90-second intervals with manned Hornet planes.^[48] In April 2015, the X-47B successfully conducted the world's first fully autonomous aerial refuelling, rendezvousing with an Omega Air KC-707 tanker over the coast of Maryland.^[49]^[1]^[50] This marked the effective completion of the X-47B's development, as it had completed all the primary demonstration tasks required of it.^[9]

In February 2016 the US Navy has decided to morph the X-47B from a surveillance and strike aircraft into a reconnaissance and aerial refuelling drone with “limited strike capability”. The about-turn follows a top-level review and restructuring of the now-defunct unmanned carrier-launched airborne surveillance and strike (UCLASS) project, with the service’s latest budget instead funding the MQ-25 Stingray CBARS, or carrier-based aerial refuelling system. ^[51]

Costs

The project was initially funded under a US$635.8-million contract awarded by the Navy in 2007. By January 2012, the X-47B's total program cost had grown to an estimated $813 million.^[52] Government funding for the X-47B UCAS-D program was to run out at the end of September 2013, with the close of the fiscal year.^[53] However, in June 2014 the Navy provided an additional $63 million for "post-demonstration" development of the X-47B.^[54]

End of program

In February 2015, the Navy stated that the competition for private tenders for constructing the UCLASS fleet would begin in 2016, with the aircraft expected to enter service in the early 2020s.^[8] Reportedly, despite the X-47B's success in test flights, Navy officials were concerned that it would be too costly and insufficiently stealthy for the needs of the UCLASS project.^[8] In April 2015, it was reported that the X-47B demonstrators would become museum exhibits upon the completion of their flight testing.^[9]^[55] In June 2015, United States Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus stated that the X-47B test program should continue but that Northrop-Grumman should not gain an unfair advantage in the competition for the UCLASS contract.^[56] In July 2015, the Navy stated that the X-47B demonstrators would remain in flying condition rather than being converted to museum exhibits, allowing for a variety of follow-on evaluations.^[10]

In January 2017 the first X-47B departed NAS Patuxent River, Md. for a cross country trip back to Northrop Grumman's manufacturing facility in Palmdale, Calif.^[57]

In August 2017 Aviation Week published photos of a modified X-47B as testbed for Northrop Grumman's MQ-25 bid.

Awards

In March 2014, the X-47B won the 57th Annual Laureate Award for “extraordinary achievements” in aeronautics and propulsion hosted by Aviation Week.^[60] On 9 April 2014, the National Aeronautic Association selected Northrop Grumman, the United States Navy, and the X-47B's development team as the joint recipients of the 2013 Collier Trophy for excellence in aeronautic technology.^[61]

Derivative development

The Navy used software from the X-47B to demonstrate unmanned aerial refueling capabilities. On 28 August 2013, a contractor-flown Learjet 25 refueled from a Boeing 707 tanker while flying autonomously as a surrogate aircraft uploaded with the X-47B's technology.^[75] The test was to demonstrate that unmanned and optionally manned aircraft can have an automated aerial refueling capability, significantly increasing their range, persistence, and flexibility.^[62] Plans to further demonstrate autonomous aerial refueling were reportedly cut in the Navy’s fiscal 2014 budget,^[63] but the X-47B nonetheless conducted a successful autonomous refuelling demonstration in April 2015.^[1]

Variants

Original proof-of-concept prototype with a {{convert|27.8|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan, first flown in 2003.

Demonstrator aircraft with a {{convert|62|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan, first flown in 2011.

Specifications (X-47B)

|ref=
|crew=None aboard (semi-autonomous operation)
|length main= 38.2 ft
|length alt= 11.63 m
|span main= 62.1 ft extended/30.9 ft folded^[64]
|span alt= 18.92 m/9.41 m
|height main= 10.4 ft
|height alt= 3.10 m
|area main= 953.6 ft²
|area alt= 88.59 m²
|empty weight main= 14,000 lb
|empty weight alt= 6,350 kg
|loaded weight main=
|loaded weight alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 44,567 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 20,215 kg
|fuel capacity= 717 kg
|engine (jet)= Pratt & Whitney F100-220U
|type of jet= turbofan
|number of jets= 1
|thrust main=
|thrust alt=
|max speed main= Subsonic
|max speed alt=
|cruise speed main= Mach 0.9+ (high subsonic)^[65]^[66]
|cruise speed alt=
|range main= 2,100+ NM
|range alt= 3,889+ km
|ceiling main= 42,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 12,800 m
|climb rate main=
|climb rate alt=
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|armament= *2 weapon bays, providing for up to {{convert|4500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance^[67]
||avionics= *Provisions for EO/IR/SAR/ISAR/GMTI/MMTI/ESM^[67]
}}

See also

References

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