| 词条 | Northwest Maidu language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Northwest Maidu |nativename= Koyoom k'awi |states=United States |region=California |ethnicity=Maidu, Mechoopda |speakers=32 |date=2009-2013[1] |ref=e19 |familycolor=American |fam1=Maiduan |iso3=mjd |glotto=nort2951 |glottorefname=Northwest Maidu }} The Northwest Maidu language (also called Concow-Maidu, Konkow — or Koyoomk'awi, in the language itself)[2] is a part of the Maiduan language group. The word koyoo means, "meadow", with the additional 'm' being the adjective form of the word. 'Koyoo+ [m, adj.] k'awi + [m, adj.] Ma'a [tribe].' It is spoken in California. It is severely endangered, with three remaining elders who learned to speak it as a first language, one of whom is deaf.[3] As part of an effort to regain official recognition as a federally recognized tribe, an effort to provide language instruction amongst the descendants of the original tribe and affiliated family members has begun. DialectsOne source supports the claim that Northwest Maidu had at least 9 dialects, designated today according to the locality in which each was spoken. These dialects were: Otaki; Mikchopdo; Cherokee; Eskeni; Pulga; Nemsu; Feather Falls; Challenge; and Bidwell Bar. Lexicon of each remains scant. In addition, there may have been many family variations within each dialect group; thus, certainly there was no one Konkow language, but Konkow means a phonologically distinct pronunciation from what is popularly defined as 'Maidu' or 'Mountain Maidu', namely in terms of stress patterns on lexicon. According to limited historical data, by the turn of the 19th century there were only four of these dialects still being spoken. Alternate namesThe name "Konkow" has been variously spelled Concow and Konkau. The language is also known as Maidu (Meidoo), Holólupai, Michopdo, Nákum, Secumne (Sekumne), Tsamak, Yuba, and the pejorative "Digger". Modern KonkowSince 2002, a dialect which could be called "Modern Konkow," based on what is conventionally called the Cherokee dialect of Konkow, has come into limited use by some California Native Americans with cultural and familial ties to the old Konkow tribe. This dialect is primarily based on the dialect as learned by Mary Jones, one of the last speakers of Old Konkow, who learned the dialect that was spoken in the vicinity of Cherokee, California. It is being promulgated with a DVD-based course of study called "Twenty-two Lessons in the Koyoongk'awi Language". As of 2010, .mp3 learning materials of the Mechoopda dialect were also available, based on old recordings of Emma Cooper, made during the 1940s as a part of the war effort.[4] Also based on the Emma Cooper recordings, a "Konkow Toddler" app was released for iPhone, iPad, and other iOS devices in July 2012.[5] Materials for study of the Northwest Maidu language, including the 22-lesson course mentioned above, have been made available on the website of the Konkow Maidu Cultural Preservation Association.[6] PhonologyConsonants
The affricate /t͡sʼ/ may also be realized as [t͡ʃ~t͡ʃʼ] allophonically. Vowels
Vowel length is also present.[7] References{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of North America}}1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English|publisher=US Census Bureau|website=www.census.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-17}} 2. ^{{Cite web| title = Tribal History| work = Feather Falls Casino| accessdate = 2013-05-08| url = http://www.featherfallscasino.com/tribal-history}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://evokinglanguage.blogspot.com/2007/08/concow-language-annette-de-brotherton.html|title=Konkow We'wejbo'sis Project 2007- 2011: Concow Language, Annette De Brotherton|first=Maidu|last=Renaissance|date=21 August 2007|publisher=|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 4. ^{{Cite news| last = Meridith J. Cooper| title = Preserving Mechoopda tradition - A young tribe member creates a learning program using old recordings of the native language| work = Chico News & Review| accessdate = 2012-07-19| date = 2010-09-30| url = http://www.newsreview.com/chico/preserving-mechoopda-tradition/content?oid=1822431}} 5. ^{{Cite web |title = TinkR' Labs launches Konkow Toddler for iOS devices |work = MacMegasite |accessdate = 2012-09-10 |date = 2012-07-30 |url = http://macmegasite.com/2012/07/30/tinkr-labs-launches-konkow-toddler-for-ios-devices/ |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404225611/http://www.macmegasite.com/2012/07/30/tinkr-labs-launches-konkow-toddler-for-ios-devices/ |archivedate = 2016-04-04 |df = }} 6. ^{{Cite web| title = Konkow Maidu Cultural Preservation Association| accessdate = 2012-09-04| url = http://maidu.org/index.html}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=Konkow Grammar|last=Ultan|first=Russell|publisher=|year=1961|isbn=|location=University of California, Berkely|pages=}} External links{{incubator|mjd}}
5 : Indigenous languages of California|Languages of the United States|Maiduan languages|Endangered Maiduan languages|Native American language revitalization |
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