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词条 Dominant seventh chord
释义

  1. History

  2. Use

     Function  Voice leading   In blues progressions  

  3. Related chords

  4. Tuning

  5. Dominant seventh chord table

  6. Guitar chord diagrams

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. Sources

  10. External links

{{Infobox chord
|chord_name=dominant seventh chord
|first_interval=root
|second_interval=major third
|third_interval=perfect fifth
|fourth_interval=minor seventh
|tuning=4:5:6:7,[1] 20:25:30:36,[2] or 36:45:54:64[2]
|forte_number=4-27
|complement=8-27
}}

In music theory, a dominant seventh chord, or major minor seventh chord,{{efn|Also written major-minor seventh chord.}} is a seventh chord composed of a root, major third, perfect fifth, and minor seventh. It can be also viewed as a major triad with an additional minor seventh. When using popular-music symbols, it is denoted by adding a superscript "7" after the letter designating the chord root.[1] For example, the dominant seventh chord built on G, written as G7, has pitches G–B–D–F:

{

\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f

\\relative c {

   \\clef treble    \\time 4/4   \\key c \\major

1

} }

The chord can be represented by the integer notation {0, 4, 7, 10}.

Of all the seventh chords, perhaps the most important is the dominant seventh. It was the first seventh chord to appear regularly in classical music. The name comes from the fact that it occurs naturally in the seventh chord built upon the dominant (i.e., the fifth degree, {{music|scale|5}}) of a given major scale. In Roman numerals, this is represented as V7. The V7 is found almost as often as the V, the dominant triad.[2]

The note G is the dominant degree of C major—its fifth note. When we arrange the notes of the C major scale in ascending pitch and use only these notes to build a seventh chord, and we start with G (not C), then the resulting chord contains the four notes G–B–D–F and is called G dominant seventh (G7). The note F is a minor seventh from G, and it is also called the dominant seventh with respect to G.

History

Renaissance composers conceived of harmony in terms of intervals rather than chords, "however, certain dissonant sonorities suggest that the dominant seventh chord occurred with some frequency."[6] Monteverdi (usually credited as the first to use the V7 chord without preparation[3]) and other early Baroque composers begin to treat the V7 as a chord as part of the introduction of functional harmony.

An excerpt from Monteverdi's "Lasciatemi Morire", Lamento d'Arianna (1608) is shown below. In it, a dominant seventh chord (in red) is handled conservatively, "prepared and resolved as a suspension, clearly indicating its dissonant status."[4]

    {       \\override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t      \\set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/8)

<< \ew StaffGroup <<

        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major                \\voiceOne d2 r4 f, \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red e1 fis2                }            \ew Voice \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major                \\voiceTwo bes2 d, \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red cis4 d2 cis4 d1                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major                \\stemUp g2 r4 bes, \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red a1 a                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                \\clef bass \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major                \\voiceOne bes4 a g2~ \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red g4 f e2 d                }            \ew Voice \\relative c {                \\clef bass \\time 4/4 \\key c \\major                \\voiceTwo g1 \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red a d                }            >>    >>

>> }

The V7 was in constant use during the Classical period, with similar treatment to that of the Baroque. In the Romantic period, freer voice-leading was gradually developed, leading to the waning of functional use in the post-Romantic and Impressionistic periods including more dissonant dominant chords through higher extensions and lessened use of the major minor chord's dominant function. Twentieth-century classical music either consciously used functional harmony or was entirely free of V7 chords while jazz and popular musics continued to use functional harmony including V7 chords.[4]

An except from Chopin's Mazurka in F minor (1849), Op. 68, No. 4, mm. 1–4 is shown below with dominant sevenths in red: "the seventh factor had by this time achieved nearly consonant status."[4]

    {      \ew PianoStaff <<        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c'' {                \\clef treble \\key f \\minor \\time 3/4                \\override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #2                c4~(_\\markup { \\italic "sotto voce" } c8[ des] des[ c]                b\\trill aes \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red b4\\< g')\\!                bes,!( \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red bes8[ c] c[ bes]                a8\\trill gis \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red a4\\< f')\\!                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c' {                \\clef bass \\key f \\minor \\time 3/4                r4                   r \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red                   r \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red                   r \\once \\override NoteHead.color = #red                  }            >>    >> }

Use

Function

{{Image frame|content=
    {      \\override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t  \\set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/12)      \ew PianoStaff <<        \ew Staff <<            \\relative c' {                \\clef treble \\key bes \\major \\time 2/4                r8 -.\\p -.[ -.] -.\\ff r                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \ew Voice \\relative c {                \\clef bass \\key bes \\major \\time 2/4                \\stemUp 8 \\stemNeutral -.[_\\markup { \\concat { "V" \\super "7" \\hspace #1.5 "I" \\hspace #2 "V" \\super "7" \\hspace #1.7 "I" } }                bes-.] -. -. r \\bar "|."                }            \ew Voice \\relative c, {                \\clef bass \\key bes \\major \\time 2/4                \\stemDown bes8                }            >>    >> }

|width=300|caption=Tritone resolutions in the last measures of Beethoven's Piano Sonata in B{{music|flat}} major, Op. 22 (1800).[5]}}

The function of the dominant seventh chord is to resolve to the tonic note or chord.

{{quote|... the demand of the V7 for resolution is, to our ears, almost inescapably compelling. The dominant seventh is, in fact, the central propulsive force in our music; it is unambiguous and unequivocal.|Goldman|1965: 35[6]}}

This dominant seventh chord is useful to composers because it contains both a major triad and the interval of a tritone. The major triad confers a very "strong" sound. The tritone is created by the co-occurrence of the third degree and seventh degree (e.g., in the G7 chord, the interval between B and F is a tritone).

In a diatonic context, the third of the chord is the leading-tone of the scale, which has a strong tendency to pull towards the tonic of the key (e.g., in C, the third of G7, B, is the leading tone of the key of C). The seventh of the chord acts as an upper leading-tone to the third of the scale (in C: the seventh of G7, F, is a half-step above and leads down to E).[6]{{Verify source|date=December 2018}} This, in combination with the strength of root movement by fifth, and the natural resolution of the dominant triad to the tonic triad (e.g., from GBD to CEG in the key of C major), creates a resolution with which to end a piece or a section, often in a cadence.

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \\relative c' {             \\voiceOne \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4
1 
             }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             b_\\markup { \\concat { "V" \\super \\column { "6" "5" } \\hspace #6 "I" } } c \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

Because of this original usage, it also quickly became an easy way to trick the listener's ear with a deceptive cadence. The dominant seventh may work as part of a circle progression, preceded by the supertonic chord, ii.

Importantly, non-diatonic dominant seventh chords (sometimes called a chromatic seventh), borrowed from another key, can allow the composer to modulate to that other key. This technique is extremely common, particularly since the Classical period, and has led to further innovative uses of the dominant seventh chord such as secondary dominant (V7/V, shown below), extended dominant (V7/V/V), and substitute dominant ({{music|b}}V7/V) chords.

{

  \\set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/4)   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \ew voice \\relative c'' {             \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             \\voiceOne c2  b c1             }         \ew voice \\relative c'' {             \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             \\voiceTwo a2  g g1             }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew voice \\relative c' {             \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             \\voiceOne d2 d e1             }         \ew voice \\relative c {             \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             \\voiceTwo fis2_\\markup { \\concat { "V" \\super \\column { "6" "5" } "/V" \\hspace #1.5 "V" \\hspace #6.5 "I" } } g c,1 \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>

}

Voice leading

For common practice voice leading or "strict resolution" of the dominant seventh chord:[14]

  • In the V7–I resolution, the dominant, leading note, and supertonic resolve to the tonic, whereas the subdominant resolves to the mediant.

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \\relative c' {             \\voiceOne \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4
1 
             }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             g_\\markup { \\concat { "V" \\super "7" \\hspace #6 "I" } } c \\bar "||"             }         >>    >>
  • In the other resolutions, the dominant remains stationary, the leading note and supertonic resolve to the tonic, and the subdominant resolves to the mediant.

   \ew PianoStaff <<      \ew Staff <<         \\relative c' {             \\voiceOne \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4
1 
             }            >>     \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c' {             \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4

_\\markup { \\concat { "V" \\super "7" \\hspace #6 "I" } } \\bar "||"

             }         >>    >>
  • All four tones may be present, though the root may be doubled and the fifth omitted.[7][8][9]
  • The diminished fifth (if the seventh is above the third, as in the first measure below) resolves inwards while the augmented fourth (if the seventh is below the third, as in the second measure below) resolves outward. This means that the seventh resolves stepwise downwards[8][9] while the third resolves upwards to the tonic[7] though in such cases the root of the tonic chord may need to be tripled.[8]

      \ew Staff <<         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             \\stemUp f2 e b c              }         \ew Voice \\relative c'' {             \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4             \\stemDown b2 c \\bar "||" f, e \\bar "||"             }            >>
  • The root of the V7, when in the bass, resolves to the root of the I, in the bass.[7]
  • In an incomplete V7, with a missing fifth, the doubled root remains stationary.[7]
  • The "free resolution of the seventh" features the seventh in an inner voice moving stepwise upwards to the fifth of I[7]

According to Heinrich Schenker, "The dissonance is always passing, never a chord member (Zusammenklang),'"[10] and often (though by no means always) the voice leading suggests either a passing note:

8 7 3

5 5 1{{Explanation needed|reason=It isn't clear what this means|date=December 2018}}

or resolution of a (hypothetical) suspension:

(8) 7 3

(4) 5 1

In blues progressions

In rock and popular music songs following the blues progression, the IV and V chords are "almost always" dominant seventh chords (sometimes with extensions) with the tonic most often being a major triad. Examples include Bill Haley and the Comets' "Rock Around the Clock" and Buster Brown's "Fanny Mae", while in Chuck Berry's "Back in the U.S.A." and Loggins and Messina's "Your Mama Don't Dance" the tonic is also a dominant seventh.[11] Used mostly in the first fifteen years of the rock era and now sounding somewhat "retrospective" (e.g., Oasis' "Roll With It"), other examples of tonic dominant seventh chords include Little Richard's "Lucille", The Beatles' "I Saw Her Standing There", Nilsson's "Coconut", Jim Croce's "You Don't Mess Around With Jim", and The Drifters' "On Broadway".[11] Chuck Berry's "Rock and Roll Music" uses the dominant seventh on I, IV, and V.[12]

Related chords

The dominant seventh is enharmonically equivalent to the German sixth. For example, the German sixth A{{music|b}}–C–E{{music|b}}–F{{music|#}} (which typically resolves to G) is equivalent to the dominant seventh A{{music|b}}–C–E{{music|b}}–G{{music|b}} (which typically resolves to D{{music|b}}):

    {      \\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f      \ew PianoStaff <<        \ew Staff <<            \\relative c' {                \\clef treble \\key c \\major \\time 4/4                \\textLengthOn

1^\\markup { \\small "German 6th" }

^\\markup {\\small "Dominant 7th" }

                }            >>        \ew Staff <<            \\relative c' {                \\clef bass \\key c \\major \\time 4/4

1 \\bar "||"

\\bar "||"

                }            >>    >> }

The dominant seventh chord is frequently used to approximate a harmonic seventh chord, which is one possible just tuning, in the ratios 4:5:6:7[13] {{audio|Harmonic seventh on C.mid|Play}}, for the dominant seventh. Others include 20:25:30:36 {{audio|Just dominant seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}, found on I, and 36:45:54:64, found on V, used in 5-limit just tunings and scales.[14]

Today, the dominant seventh chord enjoys particular prominence in the music of barbershop quartets, with the Barbershop Harmony Society describing the chord as, "signature," of the barbershop sound, a song may use the chord type (built on any scale degree, not just {{music|scale|5}}) for up to 30 percent of its duration.[15] As barbershop singers strive to harmonize in just intonation to maximize the audibility of harmonic overtones, the practical sonority of the chord tends to be that of a harmonic seventh chord. This chord type has become so ingrained into the fabric of the artform that it is often referred to as the "barbershop seventh chord" by those who practice it.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Tuning

Chord Notation Seventh Ratios
Tonic seventh chord B{{music|b}}}} Minor seventh 20:25:30:36[16][14]
Harmonic seventh chord F{{music|7}}+}} Harmonic seventh 4:5:6:7[13]
German sixth chord A{{music|b}}}} C {{nowrap|E{{music|b}}}} {{nowrap|G{{music|7}}}}{{music|b}} Harmonic seventh 4:5:6:7
Dominant seventh chord G B D F Pythagorean minor seventh 36:45:54:64[14]

Dominant seventh chord table

ChordRootMajor ThirdPerfect FifthMinor Seventh
C7CEGb}}
#7#}}#}} (F)#}}B
b7b}}Fb}}b}} (B)
D7D#}}AC
#7#}}x}} (G)#}}#}}
b7b}}Gb}}b}}
E7E#}}BD
F7FACb}}
#7#}}#}}#}}E
b7b}}b}}b}}b}} (E)
G7GBDF
#7#}}#}} (C)#}}#}}
b7b}}Cb}}b}}
A7A#}}EG
#7#}}##}} (D)#}} (F)#}}
b7b}}DFb}}
B7B#}}#}}A

Guitar chord diagrams

In standard tuning, the left is the low E string. x means mute the string.[17][18]

{{col-begin}}{{col-3}}Dominant 7
  • A7: x02020
  • B7: x21202
  • C7: x3231x
  • D7: xx0212
  • E7: 020100
  • F7: 131211
  • G7: 320001
{{col-3}}Dominant 7 Sus2
  • A7sus2: x02000
  • B7sus2: x24222
  • C7sus2: x30333
  • D7sus2: x57555
  • E7sus2: x79777
  • F7sus2: xx3543
  • G7sus2: 303033
{{col-3}}Dominant 7 Sus4
  • A7sus4: x00030
  • B7sus4: x24252
  • C7sus4: x35363
  • D7sus4: xx0013
  • E7sus4: 020200
  • F7sus4: 111311
  • G7sus4: 330011
{{col-end}}

See also

  • Dominant ninth, etc.
  • Irregular resolution
  • Nondominant seventh chord
  • Subtonic

Notes

{{notelist}}

Sources

1. ^Bruce Benward & Marilyn Nadine Saker (2003). Music in Theory and Practice, seventh edition (Boston: McGraw-Hill), vol. 1: p. 77. {{ISBN|978-0-07-294262-0}}.
2. ^Benward & Saker (2003), vol. 1: p. 199.
3. ^Goldman (1965), p. 39.
4. ^1 2 3 Benward & Saker (2003), vol. 1: p. 201.
5. ^Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony in Concept & Practice, p. 145. Third edition. {{ISBN|0-03-020756-8}}.
6. ^1 Goldman, Richard Franco (1965), Harmony in Western Music (London: Barrie and Rockliff), pp. 34–35. {{ISBN|978-0-214-66680-3}}.
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 Benjamin, Horvit, and Nelson (2008). Techniques and Materials of Music, pp. 46–47. {{ISBN|0-495-50054-2}}.
8. ^1 2 Benward & Saker (2003), vol. 1: pp. 202–204.
9. ^1 Benward & Saker (2008), vol. 2: p. 343
10. ^Schenker, Heinrich. Jahrbuch II, p. 24 cited in Jonas, Oswald (1982). Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker (1934: Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks: Eine Einführung in Die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers), p. 20. Trans. John Rothgeb. {{ISBN|0-582-28227-6}}.
11. ^1 Stephenson, Ken (2002). What to Listen for in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis, p. 82. {{ISBN|978-0-300-09239-4}}.
12. ^Stephenson (2002), p. 75.
13. ^1 2 Benitez, J. M. (1988). Contemporary Music Review: Listening 2, p. 34. {{ISBN|3-7186-4846-6}}. Cites Euler (1764).
14. ^1 2 3 4 Wright, David (2009). Mathematics and Music, pp. 140–41. {{ISBN|978-0-8218-4873-9}}.
15. ^Rose, Amy (February 2, 2017). "Intro to Barbershop: What is Barbershop?", BarberShop.org.
16. ^Shirlaw, Matthew (1900). The Theory of Harmony, p. 86. {{ISBN|978-1-4510-1534-8}}.
17. ^"[https://jguitar.com/chord?root=G&chord=7th+Suspended+2nd&bass=G&labels=none&gaps=0&fingers=4¬es=sharps Chord calculator]", JGuitar.com.
18. ^Guitar Chord Name Finder, Gootar.com.

External links

  • [https://www.jazzguitar.be/blog/dominant-chords/ Dominant Chords] Theory and applications for jazz guitar
{{Degrees}}{{Chords|state=expanded}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Dominant Seventh Chord}}

2 : Dominant chords|Seventh chords
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