| 词条 | Notes on the State of Virginia |
| 释义 |
Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) is a book written by Thomas Jefferson. He completed the first version in 1781, and updated and enlarged the book in 1782 and 1783. Notes on the State of Virginia originated in Jefferson's responding to questions about Virginia, posed to him in 1780 by François Barbé-Marbois, then Secretary of the French delegation in Philadelphia, the temporary capital of the United Colonies. Widely considered the most important American book published before 1800,[1][2] Notes on the State of Virginia is both a compilation of data by Jefferson about the state's natural resources and economy, and his vigorous argument about the nature of the good society, which he believed was incarnated by Virginia. He expressed his beliefs in the separation of church and state, constitutional government, checks and balances, and individual liberty. He wrote extensively about slavery, the problems of miscegenation, a justification of white supremacy, and his belief that whites and blacks could not live together in a free society. It was the only full-length book which Jefferson published during his lifetime. He first published it anonymously in Paris in 1785, where he was serving the US government as trade representative. John Stockdale published the book in its first English edition in 1787 in London. Publication and contentsNotes was anonymously published in Paris in a limited, private edition of two hundred copies in 1785. A French translation (by the Abbé Morellet) appeared in 1786. Its first public English-language edition, issued by John Stockdale in London, appeared in 1787.[3] It was the only full-length book by Jefferson published during his lifetime, though he did issue a Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States, generally known as Jefferson's Manual, in 1801.[4]Notes includes some of Jefferson's most memorable statements of belief in such political, legal, and constitutional principles as the separation of church and state, constitutional government, checks and balances, and individual liberty. He celebrated the resources of Virginia. Overall, Jefferson was arguing with the proposition of the French naturalist Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, who in his authoritative Histoire Naturelle said that nature, plant life, animal life, and human life degenerate in the New World by contrast with their state in the Old World.[5] Jefferson notes the 1648 work of scientists Georg Marcgraf and Willem Piso, whose work on natural history in Dutch Brazil resulted in the Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, arguing that the honey bee was not native to North America.[6]OutlineThe text is divided into 23 chapters, which Jefferson termed "Queries," each describing a different aspect of the state of Virginia. {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
Jefferson on freedom of speech and secular governmentNotes on the State of Virginia contained Jefferson's firm belief in citizen's rights to express themselves freely without fear of government or church reprisal and that government's role is only secular and should not have anything to do with religion.[7] This led later to charges of atheism leveled at him by his opponents in Federalist newspapers leading up to the nasty election of 1800.[8] They quoted his European-published Notes on Virginia as proof that he was Godless. Jefferson wrote in Notes on Virginia, addressing the authority of government and laws: The legitimate powers of government extend to such acts only as are injurious to others. But it does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty gods, or no god. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg.[9] Yet, in Query XVIII, he also wrote, addressing the presumed retribution for lack of theistic respect: Can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his justice cannot sleep forever ... Biographer Joseph J. Ellis reveals that Jefferson didn't think the work would be known in the U.S. since he did not publish it in North America and kept his authorship anonymous in Europe. He exchanged letters with friends worried what they would think about his authorship of such a religious heresy. They supported him in response. Jefferson did not respond at all to the mud-slinging charges. He won the 1804 presidential election anyway, but those charges of atheism and the charges of an affair with his 15-year-old slave Sally Hemmings published in newspapers by Federalists supporters put his belief in a free press and free speech to the test. His predecessor John Adams angrily counter-attacked the press and vocal opponents by passing chilling Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson, by contrast, worked tirelessly to overturn what he viewed as tyrannical limits on free speech and free press, except for when he asked Thomas McKean, governor of Pennsylvania, to have Federalist newspapermen indicted for libel, claiming that it was necessary to prevent licentious abuses of free speech.[10] He later lamented the anguish caused by his political enemies; however, he never denied the charges made by them, including those in Notes on Virginia, and he never gave up his fight for "Republican principles" to shield the common man from state or religious oppression.[11] Jefferson and slavery{{main|Thomas Jefferson and slavery}}In "Laws" (Query XIV-14), Jefferson redirected questions about slavery by focusing the discussion to Africans, referring to what he called "the real distinctions which nature has made" between people of European descent and people of African descent. He later expressed his opposition to slavery in "Manners" (Query XVIII-18). Jefferson's proposal for resettling freed blacks in a colony in Africa expressed the mentality and anxieties of some American slaveholders after the American Revolutionary War; this contrasted with rising sentiment among other men to emancipate slaves based on ideals related to the colonies' struggle for independence. Numerous northern states abolished slavery altogether. Several southern states, including Virginia in 1782, made manumissions easier. So many slaveholders in Virginia freed slaves following the Revolution (sometimes by will and others during their lifetime) that the number of free blacks in Virginia rose from about 1800 in 1782 to 30,466, or 7.2 percent of the black population in 1810.[12] In the Upper South, more than 10 percent of blacks were free by 1810; in northern states, more than three-quarters of blacks were free by that date.[13] In "Laws", Jefferson wrote: It will probably be asked, Why not retain and incorporate the blacks into the state, and thus save the expense of supplying, by importation of white settlers, the vacancies they will leave? Deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; new provocations; the real distinctions which nature has made; and many other circumstances, will divide us into parties, and produce convulsions which will probably never end but in the extermination of the one or the other race. Some slave-owners feared race wars could ensue upon emancipation, due not least to natural retaliation by blacks for the injustices under long slavery. Jefferson may have thought his fears justified after the revolution in Haiti, marked by widespread violence in the mass uprising of slaves against white colonists and free people of color in their fight for independence. Thousands of white and free people of color came as refugees to the United States in the early 1800s; many brought their slaves with them. In addition, uprisings such as that of Gabriel in Richmond, Virginia, were often led by literate blacks. Jefferson and some other slaveholders embraced the idea of "colonization": arranging for transportation of free blacks to Africa, regardless of their being native-born and having lived in the United States. In 1816 the American Colonization Society was founded in a collaboration by abolitionists and slaveholders. Jefferson said he thought Blacks were inferior to Whites in terms of beauty and reasoning intelligence.[14] In "Manners," Jefferson wrote that slavery was demoralizing to both White and Black society and that man is an "imitative animal." Jefferson and the NavyJefferson included discussion on the potential naval capacity of America, given its extensive natural resources. This section was subsequently used by Federalist William Loughton Smith to embarrass Republican anti-navalists during debate in 1796, over whether or not to continue construction on the original six frigates of the United States Navy. Smith claimed that he was not the only person to believe that commerce required a navy to protect it, and read a lengthy extract from Jefferson's Notes to prove that the country was capable of supporting a much larger navy than the Federalists wanted to build. This occasioned Republican accusations that Smith had taken Jefferson out of context, or claims that Jefferson was mistaken in his understanding.[15] InfluenceJefferson's work inspired others by his reflections on the nature of society, human rights and government. Supporters of abolition considered his thoughts on blacks and slavery as an obstacle to achieving equal rights for free blacks in the United States. People argued against Jefferson's ideas in the Notes long after he died. For instance, the abolitionist David Walker, a free black, opposed the colonization movement. In Article IV of his Appeal (1830), Walker said that free blacks considered colonization as the desire of whites to remove free blacks from among those of our brethren whom they unjustly hold in bondage, so that they may be enabled to keep them the more secure in ignorance and wretchedness, to support them and their children, and consequently they would have the more obedient slave. For if the free are allowed to stay among the slave, they will have intercourse together, and, of course, the free will learn the slaves bad habits, by teaching them that they are MEN, as well as other people, and certainly ought and must be FREE. Jefferson's passages about slavery and the black race in Notes are referred to and disputed by Walker in the Appeal. Walker valued Jefferson as "one of as great characters as ever lived among the whites," but he opposed his ideas: Do you believe that the assertions of such a man, will pass away into oblivion unobserved by this people and the world? ... I say, that unless we try to refute Mr. Jefferson's arguments respecting us, we will only establish them.[16] He went on: Mr. Jefferson's very severe remarks on us have been so extensively argued upon by men whose attainments in literature, I shall never be able to reach, that I would not have meddled with it, were it not to solicit each of my brethren, who has the spirit of a man, to buy a copy of Mr. Jefferson's Notes on Virginia, and put it in the hand of his son. For let no one of us suppose that the refutations which have been written by our white friends are enough—they are whites—we are blacks. We, and the world wish to see the charges of Mr. Jefferson refuted by the blacks themselves, according to their chance; for we must remember that what the whites have written respecting this subject, is other men's labours, and did not emanate from the blacks. Bibliography{{Main|Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson}}
Notes1. ^{{Cite book|title = Thomas Jefferson: The Revolution of Ideas|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh4RcHoZP0cC|publisher = Oxford University Press, USA|date = 2004-05-06|isbn = 9780195143683|language = en|first = Richard B.|last = Bernstein}} 2. ^{{Cite web|title = Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)|url = http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia_1785#contrib|website = www.encyclopediavirginia.org|accessdate = 2015-11-17}} 3. ^{{cite book|first=Jefferson |last= Thomas|title=Notes on the State of Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KlbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1787|publisher=John Stockdale |place=London |edition=2 |access-date= 15 April 2016| via=Google Books}} 4. ^Bernstein, 2004, p. 78 5. ^Lee Alan Dugatkin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nf22_zMVdqsC&dq Mr. Jefferson and the Giant Moose: Natural History in Early America], 2009, {{ISBN|0226169197}} 6. ^Neil Safier, "Beyond Brazilian Nature: The Editorial Itineraries of Marcgraf and Piso's Historia Naturalis Brasiliae", in Michiel Van Groesen, The Legacy of Dutch Brazil, New York: Cambridge University Press 2014, p. 171. 7. ^Thomas Jefferson, Notes on Virginia 1785 8. ^Ellis, Joseph. "American Sphinx". p.101-103, {{ISBN|0-679-44490-4}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-religious-beliefs&sa=U&ei=ALITUI7WGqrKmQWrrIHIBQ&ved=0CBoQFjAC&usg=AFQjCNEc3bDLLOPNiEnGdsAE4THWyKvXPA|title=Notes On the State Of Virginia, Religion|author=Thomas Jefferson}} Jefferson believed the only legitimate role of government was to prevent injury to others. But to deny the existence of god or believe in 20 Gods was none of the state's business. 10. ^G.S. Rowe, Thomas McKean: The Shaping of an American Republicanism (Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press, 1978), 339-40. Joseph Dennie, publisher of the Federalist Port Folio, was targeted, ostensibly for professing the futility of democracy; Rowe argues that he was actually indicted over his unsubtle attacks on Jefferson's unseemly sexual relationship with slave Sally Hemings. 11. ^Ellis, Joseph. "American Sphinx". p.101-103, {{ISBN|0-679-44490-4}} 12. ^Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, p. 81 13. ^Kolchin (1993), p. 81 14. ^{{citeweb|url=http://frank.mtsu.edu/~lnelson/Jefferson-Slavery.html|title=Notes On the State Of Virginia, Laws|author=Thomas Jefferson|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422153209/http://frank.mtsu.edu/~lnelson/Jefferson-Slavery.html|archivedate=2009-04-22|df=}} Jefferson believed that the color of the skin was the primary difference between African Americans and Europeans in relation to beauty. He writes in "Laws," "The first difference which strikes us is that of colour." Jefferson believed that skin color was the foundation of "greater or lesser" beauty between the two races. Body symmetry and hair texture were other categories for determining beauty, according to Jefferson. 15. ^Annals of Congress, 5th Congress, 2nd session, 2141-2147. 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/walker/walker.html|title=David Walker's Appeal}} External links{{commonscat}}{{wikisource|Notes on the State of Virginia|Notes on the State of Virginia}}
3 : Virginia culture|Books by Thomas Jefferson|American political philosophy literature |
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