| 词条 | Nothrotheriops |
| 释义 |
| name = Nothrotheriops | fossil_range = Pleistocene, {{fossil range|2.6|0.011}} | image = Nothrotheriops skeleton at Springs Preserve.jpg | image_caption = N. shastense skeleton, Nevada State Museum | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Mammalia | ordo = Xenarthra | familia = †Nothrotheriidae | genus = †Nothrotheriops | genus_authority = Hoffstetter, 1954 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =
| type_species = †Nothrotheriops shastensis | type_species_authority = Sinclair, 1905 }} Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States.[1] This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae.[2] The most well known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth. TaxonomyFossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved.[3] This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals. This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.[1] DescriptionAlthough N. shastensis was one of the smallest ground sloth species, it still reached {{convert|2.75|m|ft}} from snout to tail tip and weighed {{convert|250|kg|lb|0}}[4] (one-quarter of a tonne) - much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be {{convert|6|m|ft}} long.[5] It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).[6] PaleobiologyNothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.[6]The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.[7][8] Distribution and habitatA fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken.[9] The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.[1] The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved.[3] Rampart Cave, in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, which allowed the scientists both to use radiocarbon dating techniques to establish when it lived.[6] The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP).[10] == References == 1. ^1 2 PaleoBiology Database: Nothrotheriops, basic info 2. ^{{cite journal | last = Muizon | first = C. de | authorlink = |author2=McDonald, H. G. |author3=Salas, R. |author4=Urbina, M. | title = The Youngest Species of the Aquatic Sloth Thalassocnus and a Reassessment of the Relationships of the Nothrothere Sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 387–397 | publisher = Society of Vertebrate Paleontology | location = |date=June 2004 | url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1671/2429a | doi = 10.1671/2429a | id = | accessdate = 2009-01-29}} 3. ^1 Lull, S. 1929. A remarkable ground sloth. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale University, 3: 1-39. 4. ^http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/_extinct/sloth_extinct/extinct_sloth.htm 5. ^Lange, Ian M., Ice Age Mammals of North America: A Guide to the Big, the Hairy, and the Bizarre, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 2002. Pg. 83, 85 6. ^1 2 Barton Miles & Co., Prehistoric America. A journey through the Ice Age and beyond. BBC publishing, 2002. Pg 108-9. 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Cole|first=Kenneth L.|author2=Kirsten Ironside |author3=Jon Eischeid |author4=Gregg Garfin |author5=Phillip B. Duffy |author6= Chris Toney |year=2011|title=Past and ongoing shifts in Joshua tree distribution support future modeled range contraction |journal=Ecological Applications|volume=21|issue=1|pages=137–149|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2011_cole_k001.pdf|doi=10.1890/09-1800.1 |pmid=21516893}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17628032 |title=Outlook Bleak for Joshua Trees |publisher=Npr.org |date=2008-02-04 |accessdate=2012-03-30}} 9. ^{{cite journal | last =Akersten | first =W. A. |author2=McDonald, H. G. | title = Nothrotheriops from the Pleistocene of Oklahoma and Paleogeography of the Genus | journal = The Southwestern Naturalist | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 178–185 | date = June 1991 | url = | jstor = 3671918 }} 10. ^{{Cite book | first = Stuart | last = Fiedal | editor-last = Haynes | editor-first = Gary | contribution = Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction | contribution-url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/l225628681672725/ | title = American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene | year = 2009 | pages = 21–37 | place = | publisher = Springer | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-1-4020-8792-9 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8792-9 | id = }} Further reading
| title = Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite |author1=Gill, Fiona L. |author2=Crump, Matthew P. |author3=Schouten, Remmert |author4=Bull, Ian D. | journal = Quaternary Research | issue = 2 | year = 2009 | pages = 284–288 | publisher = Elsevier | doi = 10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006 | url = http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/~chidb/personal/content/paper33.pdf |bibcode = 2009QuRes..72..284G | volume=72}}
External links{{Commons category}}
4 : Prehistoric sloths|Pleistocene xenarthrans|Pleistocene mammals of North America|Prehistoric mammal genera |
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