“Nouvelle AI”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The differences between nouvelle AI and symbolic AI are apparent in early robots Shakey and Freddy. These robots contained an internal model (or "representation") of their micro-worlds consisting of symbolic descriptions. As a result, this structure of symbols had to be renewed as the robot moved or the world changed.

Shakey's planning programs assessed the program structure and broke it down into the necessary steps to complete the desired action. This level of computation required a large amount time to process, so Shakey typically performed its tasks very slowly.

Symbolic AI researchers had long been plagued by the problem of updating, searching, and otherwise manipulating the symbolic worlds inside their AIs. A nouvelle system refers continuously to its sensors rather than to an internal model of the world. It processes the external world information it needs from the senses when it is required. As Brooks puts it, "the world is its own best model--always exactly up to date and complete in every detail."

A central idea of nouvelle AI is that simple behaviors combine to form more complex behaviors over time. For example, simple behaviors can include elements like "move forward" and "avoid obstacles." A robot using nouvelle AI with simple behaviors like collision avoidance and moving toward a moving object could possibly come together to produce a more complex behavior like chasing a moving object.

The frame problem

The frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic (FOL) to express facts about a robot in the world. Representing the state of a robot with traditional FOL requires the use of many axioms (symbolic language) to imply that things about an environment that do not change arbitrarily.

Nouvelle AI seeks to sidestep the frame problem by dispensing with filling the AI or robot with volumes of symbolic language and instead letting more complex behaviors emerge by combining simpler behavioral elements.

Embodiment

The goal of traditional AI was to build intelligences without bodies, which would only have been able to interact with the world via keyboard, screen, or printer. However, nouvelle AI attempts to build embodied intelligence situated in the real world. Brooks quotes approvingly from the brief sketches that Turing gave in 1948 and 1950 of the "situated" approach. Turing wrote of equipping a machine "with the best sense organs that money can buy" and teaching it "to understand and speak English" by a process that would "follow the normal teaching of a child." This approach was contrasted to the others where they focused on abstract activities such as playing chess.

Brooks' robots

Insectoid robots

Brooks focused on building robots that acted like simple insects while simultaneously working to remove some traditional AI characteristics. He created insect-like robots called ^[6] Allen and Herbert.

Brooks's insectoid robots contained no internal models of the world. Herbert, for example, discarded a high volume of the information received from its sensors and never stored information for more than two seconds.

Allen

Allen, named after Allen Newell{{why|date=October 2016}}, had a ring of twelve ultrasonic sonars as its primary sensors and three independent behavior-producing modules. These modules were programmed to avoid both stationary and moving objects. With only this module activated, Allen stayed in the middle of a room until an object approached and then it ran away while avoiding obstacles in its way.

Herbert

Herbert, named after Herbert A. Simon{{why|date=October 2016}}, used infrared sensors to avoid obstacles and a laser system to collect 3D data over a distance about 12 feet. Herbert also carried a number of simple sensors in its "hand." The robot's testing ground was the real world environment of the busy offices and workspaces of the MIT AI lab where it searched for empty soda cans and carried them away, a seemingly-goal oriented activity that emerged as a result of 15 simple behavior units combining together.

Other insectoid robots

Other robots by Brooks' team were Genghis and Squirt.^[7] Genghis had six legs and was able to walk over rough terrain and follow a human. Squirt's behavior modules had it stay in dark corners until it heard a noise, then it would begin to follow the source of the noise.

Brooks agreed that the level of nouvelle AI had come near the complexity of a real insect, which raised a question about whether or not insect level-behavior was and is a reasonable goal for nouvelle AI?

Humanoid robots

Brooks' own recent work has taken the opposite direction to that proposed by Von Neumann in the quotations "theorists who select the human nervous system as their model are unrealistically picking 'the most complicated object under the sun,' and that there is little advantage in selecting instead the ant, since any nervous system at all exhibits exceptional complexity."

Cog

In the 1990s, Brooks decided to pursue the goal of human-level intelligence and, with Lynn Andrea Stein, built a humanoid robot called Cog. Cog is a robot with an extensive collection of sensors, a face, and arms (among other features) which allow it to interact with the world and gather information and experience so as to assemble intelligence organically in the manner described above by Turing.

The team believes that Cog will able to learn and able to find a correlation between the sensory information it receives and its actions. In the long term, the team wants Cog to be able to learn common sense knowledge on its own.

See also

References

1. ^¹{{Cite web|url = http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/reference%20articles/what_is_AI/What%20is%20AI11.html|title = What is Artificial Intelligence?|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
2. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/reference%20articles/what_is_AI/What%20is%20AI11.html|title = What is Artificial Intelligence?|date = May 2000|accessdate = 7 November 2015|website = AlanTuring.net|publisher = |last = Copeland|first = Jack}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title = "Intelligence Without Representation", Artificial Intelligence|last = R. A Brooks|first = |publisher = |year = 1991|isbn = |location = |pages = }}
4. ^{{Cite book|title = Artificial Dreams: The Quest for Non-Biological Intelligence|last = By H. R. Ekbia|first = |publisher = |year = |isbn = |location = |pages = }}
5. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence-situated-approach|title = Artificial intelligence, situated approach|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
6. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/technology/nouvelle-artificial-intelligence|title = Nouvelle artificial intelligence|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
7. ^{{Cite book|title = A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot", Robotics and Automation, IEEE Journal of |last1 =Brooks |first1 =R.A. |publisher = |year = March 1986|isbn = |location = |pages = |doi=10.1109/JRA.1986.1087032 }}
8. ^{{Cite book|title = Affect and Artificial Intelligence|last = By Elizabeth A. Wilson|first = |publisher = |year = |isbn = |location = |pages = }}

Motivation