“Nuclear matter”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Nuclear matter is an idealized system of interacting nucleons (protons and neutrons) that exists in several phases that as yet are not fully established.^[2] It is not matter in a nucleus, but a hypothetical substance consisting of a huge number of protons and neutrons interacting by only nuclear forces and no Coulomb forces.^[3]^[4] Volume and the number of particles are infinite, but the ratio is finite.^[5] Infinite volume implies no surface effects and translational invariance (only differences in position matter, not absolute positions).

A common idealization is symmetric nuclear matter, which consists of equal numbers of protons and neutrons, with no electrons.

When nuclear matter is compressed to sufficiently high density, it is expected, on the basis of the asymptotic freedom of Quantum chromodynamics, that it will become quark matter, which is a degenerate Fermi gas of quarks.^[6]

Some authors use "nuclear matter" in a broader sense, and refer to the model described above as "infinite nuclear matter",^[1] and consider it as a "toy model", a testing ground for analytical techniques.^[8] However, the composition of a neutron star, which requires more than neutrons and protons, is not necessarily locally charge neutral, and does not exhibit translation invariance, often is differently referred to, for example, as neutron star matter or stellar matter and is considered distinct from nuclear matter.^[9]^[10] In a neutron star, pressure rises from zero (at the surface) to an unknown large value in the center.

Methods capable of treating finite regions have been applied to stars and to atomic nuclei.^[11]^[12] One such model for finite nuclei is the liquid drop model, which includes surface effects and Coulomb interactions.

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite book |title=Elements Of Nuclei: Many-body Physics With The Strong Interaction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-8vuyAqT9MC&pg=PA347 |author=Phillip John Siemens |author2=Aksel S. Jensen |isbn=0-201-62731-0 |publisher=Westview Press |date=1994}}
2. ^{{cite book |title=Nuclear dynamics in the nucleonic regime |author=Dominique Durand |author2=Eric Suraud |author3=Bernard Tamain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9obAY54qb30C&pg=PA4 |page=4 |isbn=0-7503-0537-1 |date=2001 |publisher=CRC Press }}
3. ^{{cite book |title=A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-body Problem |author=Richard D. Mattuck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pe-v8zfxE68C&pg=PA92 |isbn=0-486-67047-3 |date=1992 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |edition=Reprint of 1974 McGraw-Hill second}}
4. ^{{cite book |title=Theoretical nuclear and subnuclear physics |author=John Dirk Walecka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfphXc8b-2IC&pg=PA18 |page=18 |isbn=981-238-898-2 |date=2004 |publisher=World Scientific |edition=2}}
5. ^{{cite book |title=The Physics of Warm Nuclei: With Analogies to Mesoscopic Systems |author=Helmut Hofmann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIX5bIkQks0C&pg=PA36 |page=36 |date=2008 |isbn=0-19-850401-2 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
6. ^{{cite book |editor= Armen Sedrakian |editor2= John Walter Clark |editor3= Mark Gower Alford |chapter=Phase diagram of neutral quark matter at moderate densities |title=Pairing in fermionic systems |author=Stefan B Rüster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlW_DXqKvLUC&pg=PA19 |isbn=981-256-907-3 |date=2007 |publisher=World Scientific}}
7. ^{{cite book |title=Neutron Stars |author=Paweł Haensel |author2=A Y Potekhin |author3=D G Yakovlev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIrj9nfHnesC&printsec=frontcover#PPA12,M1 |isbn=0-387-33543-9 |publisher=Springer |date=2007}}
8. ^{{cite book |title=Nuclear methods and the nuclear equation of state |editor=Marcello Baldo |chapter=Dirac-Brueckner approach for finite nuclei |author=Herbert Müther |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3xeCXHJq6wC&pg=PA170 |page=170 |isbn=981-02-2165-7 |publisher=World Scientific |date=1999}}
9. ^{{cite book |title=Collective Motion and Phase Transitions in Nuclear Systems |chapter=Nuclear matter versus stellar matter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQVw1Sh6XcgC&pg=PA392 |date=2007 |publisher=World Scientific |author=Francesca Gulminelli |isbn=981-270-083-8 |editor=A. A. Raduta |editor2=V. Baran |editor3=A. C. Gheorghe |display-editors = 3 |editor4=I. Ursu}}
10. ^{{cite book |title=Compact stars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBSOgxe2S1AC&pg=PA242 |page=242 |author=Norman K. Glendenning |isbn=0-387-98977-3 |date=2000 |edition=2 |publisher=Springer}}
11. ^{{cite journal |title=Density dependent hadron field theory for asymmetric nuclear matter and exotic nuclei |author=F. Hofmann |author2=C. M. Keil |author3=H. Lenske |arxiv=nucl-th/0007050 |journal=Phys. Rev. C|date=2001 |volume =64|bibcode = 2001PhRvC..64c4314H |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.64.034314 |issue=3 }}
12. ^{{cite journal |title=Stellar matter with a strong magnetic field within density-dependent relativistic models |doi=10.1088/0954-3899/35/12/125201 |author=A. Rabhi |author2=C. Providencia |author3=J. Da Providencia |journal =J Phys G |volume=35 |date=2008 |arxiv=0810.3390 |pages=125201 |bibcode = 2008JPhG...35l5201R |issue=12 }}