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词条 Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia
释义

  1. Nuclear deal with United States

  2. Pakistan's involvement

  3. Chinese-Saudi atomic collaboration

  4. Saudi financing of Iraqi nuclear program

  5. Nuclear sharing with Arab States of the Persian Gulf nuclear programs

  6. Recent developments

     2013 revelations  Response  2015 

  7. Missile capability

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}Saudi Arabia is not known to have a nuclear weapons program. From an official and public standpoint, Saudi Arabia has been an opponent of nuclear weapons in the Middle East, having signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and is a member of the coalition of countries demanding a Nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.[1][2] Studies of nuclear proliferation have not identified Saudi Arabia as a country of concern.[3]{{Weapons of mass destruction}}

However, over the years there have been media reports of Saudi Arabia's intent to purchase a nuclear weapon from an outside source. In 2003, a leaked strategy paper laid out three possible options for the Saudi government: to acquire a nuclear deterrent, to ally with and become protected by an existing nuclear nation, or to try to reach agreement on having a nuclear-free Middle East. UN officials and weapon specialists have suggested this review was prompted by a distancing of relations with the US, concerns over Iran's nuclear program, and the lack of international pressure on Israel to give up its nuclear weapons.[4]

Nuclear deal with United States

In May 2008, the United States and Saudi Arabia signed a memorandum of understanding, as part of the United States' vintage Atoms for Peace program, to boost Saudi efforts for a civilian nuclear program. This program did not involve support for development of nuclear weapons.[5][6]

Pakistan's involvement

{{Main|Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations|Science in Pakistan}}

Historically, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have had a cordial relationship.[7] Pakistani political scientists and historians have noted that Saudi interest in nuclear technology began in the 1970s after Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto convened a meeting of Pakistan's leading theoretical physicists (who went on to join the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals) with the Saudi royal government during a visit by the Saudi royal family to Pakistan in 1974 as part of the 2nd OIC conference at Lahore. At this meeting, Bhutto noted the advances made in the Israeli and the Indian nuclear programmes, which he took as attempts to intimidate the Muslim world.[7]

It is widely believed that Saudi Arabia has been a major financier of Pakistan's own integrated atomic bomb project since 1974, a programme founded by former prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[7][8] In the 1980s, Chief Martial Law Administrator and President General Zia-ul-Haq paid a state visit to Saudi Arabia where he unofficially told the King that: "Our achievements are yours".[7] This cooperation was allegedly furthered by socialist prime minister Benazir Bhutto in 1995. In 1998, the conservative Prime minister Nawaz Sharif informed Saudi Arabia confidentially before ordering the nuclear tests (see Chagai-I and Chagai-II) in the Weapon-testing labs-III (WTL) located in the Chagai remote site in Balochistan Province of Pakistan.[7] In June 1998, the Prime Minister paid a farewell visit to King Fahd and publicly thanked the Saudi government for supporting the country after the tests.[7] Shortly thereafter, Saudi Minister of Defense Prince Sultan went with Prime Minister Sharif on a tour of a classified institute, the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL), where leading scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan briefed the Prince and Prime Minister Sharif on nuclear physics and sensitive issues involving nuclear explosive devices.[7]

Since 1998, Western diplomats and intelligence agencies have long believed that an agreement exists in which Pakistan would sell Saudi Arabia nuclear warheads and its own nuclear technology should security in the Persian Gulf deteriorate. Both countries have sharply denied the existence of such an agreement.[8] In 2003, globalsecurity.org reported that Pakistan and Saudi Arabia had entered a secret agreement on nuclear cooperation providing Saudi Arabia with nuclear weapons technology in return for access to cheap oil for Pakistan.[9]

In March 2006, the German magazine Cicero reported that Saudi Arabia had, since 2003, received assistance from Pakistan to acquire nuclear missiles and warheads. Satellite photos allegedly reveal an underground city with nuclear silos containing Ghauri rockets in Al-Sulaiyil, south of the capital Riyadh.[10] Pakistan has denied aiding Saudi Arabia in its nuclear ambitions.

Israeli-Saudi's nuclear collaboration

Western security agencies believe that Israel is selling nuclear information to Saudi Arabia, Arabi21 has reported. According to Israeli writer Ami Dor-on, such information will give the government in Riyadh nuclear weapons capabilities. Writing on the News One website, Dor-on said that the joint intention is to make sure that Iran will not be the only country in the region that possesses such weapons which threaten the security and safety of the Kingdom.[11]

According to Dor-on, the Tel Aviv is aware that Saudis would eventually make the move for developing nuclear weapons and want to make sure they would not go to other regional players such as Pakistan to obtain the know-how.[12]

Chinese-Saudi atomic collaboration

{{Main|Sino-Arab relations|People's Republic of China–Saudi Arabia relations|Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations}}

In January 2012, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao signed a mutual cooperation deal on nuclear energy with King Abdullah, during Premier Jiabao's visit to the Middle East.[13][14] The details of such cooperation were not fully provided by the government-controlled Saudi Press Agency, but according to Hashim Yamani, president of the King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy, the kingdom has planned 16 commercial nuclear power reactors by 2030.[15]

Saudi financing of Iraqi nuclear program

In 1994, Mohammed al Khilewi, second-in-command of the Saudi mission to the United Nations, applied for asylum in the United States. He provided a packet of 10,000 documents{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} that allegedly described long-time Saudi support of the Iraqi nuclear weapons program. According to these documents, during Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq the Saudis supported the Iraqi nuclear program with $5 billion, on the condition that workable nuclear technology and possibly even nuclear weapons would be transferred to Saudi Arabia.[16] Khilewi obtained asylum in the US, with the consent of Saudi Arabia. Khilewi's allegations have not been confirmed by any other source. US officials have stated that they have no evidence of Saudi assistance to Iraqi nuclear development.[17] Saudi officials denied the allegations.[2]

Senior Clinton administration officials responsible for Mideast affairs at the time Khilewi sought asylum, including Robert Pelletreau of the State Department and Bruce Riedel of the National Security Council, said they found nothing in Khilewi's debriefings to back up the Media reports about a Saudi nuclear program. "There was nothing there," Pelletreau said. (Vartan 2005)

Nuclear sharing with Arab States of the Persian Gulf nuclear programs

{{Main|Nuclear sharing}}

The Arab States of the Persian Gulf plan to start their own joint civilian nuclear program. An agreement in the final days of the Bush administration provided for cooperation between the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America in which the United States would sell the UAE nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel. The UAE would, in return, renounce their right to enrich uranium for their civilian nuclear program. At the time of signing, this agreement was touted as a way to reduce risks of nuclear proliferation in the Persian Gulf. However, Mustafa Alani of the Dubai-based Gulf Research Center stated that, should the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty collapse, nuclear reactors such as those slated to be sold to the UAE under this agreement could provide the UAE with a path toward a nuclear weapon, raising the specter of further nuclear proliferation.[18] In March 2007, foreign ministers of the six-member Gulf Cooperation Council met in Saudi Arabia to discuss progress in plans agreed in December 2006, for a joint civilian nuclear program.[19]

Recent developments

In 2011, Prince Turki al-Faisal, who has served as the Saudi intelligence chief and as ambassador to the United States has

suggested that the kingdom might consider producing nuclear weapons if it found itself between the atomic arsenals of Iran and Israel.[20] In 2012, it was confirmed that Saudi Arabia would launch its own nuclear weapons program immediately if Iran successfully developed nuclear weapons. In such an eventuality, Saudi Arabia would start work on a new ballistic missile platform, purchase nuclear warheads from overseas and aim to source uranium to develop weapons-grade material.

Officials in the U.S. alliance believe Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have an understanding in which Islamabad would supply the kingdom with warheads if security in the Persian Gulf was threatened. A U.S. official told The Times that Riyadh could have the nuclear warheads in a matter of days of approaching Islamabad. Pakistan's ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Naeem Khan, was quoted as saying that "Pakistan considers the security of Saudi Arabia not just as a diplomatic or an internal matter but as a personal matter." Naeem also said that the Saudi leadership considered Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to be one country. Any threat to Saudi Arabia is also a threat to Pakistan.[21] Other vendors were also likely to enter into a bidding war if Riyadh indicated that it was seeking nuclear warheads. Both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have denied the existence of any such agreement.[22] Western intelligence sources have told The Guardian that the Saudi monarchy has paid for up to 60% of the Pakistan's atomic bomb projects and in return has the option to buy five to six nuclear warheads off the shelf.[23]

2013 revelations

In November 2013, a variety of sources told BBC Newsnight that Saudi Arabia had invested in Pakistani nuclear weapons projects and believes it could obtain nuclear bombs at will. Earlier in the year, a senior NATO decision maker told Mark Urban, a senior diplomatic and defense editor, that he had seen intelligence reporting that nuclear weapons made in Pakistan on behalf of Saudi Arabia are now sitting ready for delivery. In October 2013, Amos Yadlin, a former head of Israeli military intelligence, told a conference in Sweden that if Iran got the bomb, "the Saudis will not wait one month. They already paid for the bomb, they will go to Pakistan and bring what they need to bring." Since 2009, when King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia warned visiting US special envoy to the Middle East Dennis Ross that if Iran crossed the threshold, "we will get nuclear weapons", the kingdom has sent the Americans numerous signals of its intentions. Gary Samore, who until March 2013 was President Barack Obama's counter-proliferation adviser, told BBC Newsnight: "I do think that the Saudis believe that they have some understanding with Pakistan that, in extremis, they would have claim to acquire nuclear weapons from Pakistan."[24]

Response

According to the US based think-tank, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the BBC report on possible nuclear sharing between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia is partially incorrect. There is no indication of the validity or credibility of the BBC’s sources, nor does the article expand on what essentially constitutes an unverified lead. It noted that if Pakistan were to transfer nuclear warheads onto Saudi soil, it is highly unlikely that either nation would face any international repercussions if both nations were to follow strict nuclear sharing guidelines similar to that of NATO.[25] A research paper produced by the British House of Commons Defence Select Committee states that as long as current NATO nuclear sharing arrangements remain in place, NATO states would have few valid grounds for complaint if such a transfer were to occur.[26]

2015

In May 2015, in response to The Sunday Times of London report that the Saudis had "taken the 'strategic decision' to acquire 'off-the-shelf' atomic weapons from Pakistan," amid growing fears of a nuclear-armed Iran,[27] a Saudi defense official dismissed it as speculation.[28]

Missile capability

{{Main|Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force}}

In 1987, Saudi Arabia purchased Chinese-made CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles[29] designed and used by the Chinese as a nuclear-armed missile, but reportedly sold to Saudi Arabia with conventional high-explosive warheads. However their low circular error probable accuracy (1–1.5 km) makes them unsuitable for effective military use against military targets when carrying a conventional warhead.[30] The CSS-2 has a range of 4,850 km with a payload of either 2,150 or 2,500 kg. These missiles were delivered with between 50 and 35 transporter erector launcher trucks.[31] These missiles were the first weapons of the Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force, a separate branch of Saudi Arabia's armed forces. In 2013 the existence of the Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force was officially announced.[32]

Newsweek quoted an anonymous source in 2014 that Saudi Arabia had acquired CSS-5 intermediate-range ballistic missiles from China in 2007 with "Washington's quiet approval on the condition that CIA technical experts could verify they were not designed to carry nuclear warheads".[33] The Center for Strategic and International Studies lists the CSS-5 as being capable of carrying either 250-kiloton or 500-kiloton nuclear or various types of conventional high-explosive warheads.[34] The CSS-5, while it has a comparatively shorter range (2,800 km) and half the payload (1 ton) of the CSS-2, is solid-fueled, thus can be set up and placed on alert status more easily than the liquid-fueled CSS-2, and its accuracy is much greater (circular error probable of 30 meters).[35]

See also

  • Nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia
  • Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction

References

1. ^Parties to the NPT
2. ^1 Akaki Dvali. Center for Nonproliferation Studies (nti.org) (March 2004). Will Saudi Arabia Acquire Nuclear Weapons? {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210020335/http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_40a.html |date=10 February 2007 }}; Arnaud de Borchgrave. Washington Times (22 October 2003)
3. ^Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), US Congress, Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 12/93), p. 239
4. ^The Guardian (18 September 2003). [https://www.theguardian.com/saudi/story/0,11599,1044402,00.html Saudis consider nuclear bomb]
5. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080516.wsaudioil0516/BNStory/Business |title=reportonbusiness.com: Purchase this article |access-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218160252/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080516.wsaudioil0516/BNStory/Business |archive-date=18 December 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/najmedin-meshkati/atoms-for-peace-in-the-pe_b_4552716.html | title=Atoms for Peace in the Persian Gulf: The Vital Byproduct of P5+1 Nuclear Agreement With Iran | publisher=TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc | date=1 January 2014 | accessdate=14 January 2016 | author=Meshkati, Najmedin | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310121052/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/najmedin-meshkati/atoms-for-peace-in-the-pe_b_4552716.html | archive-date=10 March 2016 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|last=Bruce Riedel|title=Saudi Arabia: Nervously Watching Pakistan: For the Saudi Arabia Kingdom, Pakistan remains a unique partner|url=http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/0128_saudi_arabia_riedel.aspx|work=Brookings 1775 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20036|publisher=Brookings Inc.|accessdate=14 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205150154/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/0128_saudi_arabia_riedel.aspx|archive-date=5 February 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^1 {{cite news|last=Tomlinson|first=Hugh|title=Saudi Arabia to acquire nuclear weapons to counter Iran|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/saudi-arabia-to-acquire-nuclear-weapons-to-counter-iran/story-fnb64oi6-1226268171576|accessdate=11 February 2012|newspaper=The Australian (originally from The Times|date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210201716/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/saudi-arabia-to-acquire-nuclear-weapons-to-counter-iran/story-fnb64oi6-1226268171576|archive-date=10 February 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/031022-pakistan_saudi-arabia.htm |title=Pakistan, Saudi Arabia in secret nuke pact |access-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513194353/http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/031022-pakistan_saudi-arabia.htm |archive-date=13 May 2007 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
10. ^"Saudia [sic] Arabia working on secret nuclear program with Pakistan help– report", Forbes, from AFX News [https://web.archive.org/web/20120115022055/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2006/03/28/afx2629000.html (March 28 2006).]
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180531-israel-is-selling-nuclear-information-to-saudi-arabia/|title=Israel ‘is selling nuclear information’ to Saudi Arabia|date=2018-05-31|work=Middle East Monitor|access-date=2018-07-20|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225439/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180531-israel-is-selling-nuclear-information-to-saudi-arabia/|archive-date=20 July 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.awdnews.com/index/israel-selling-nuclear-information-to-saudi-israeli-expert/|title=Israel 'selling nuclear information' to Saudi: Israeli expert - AWDnews|website=www.awdnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721014159/http://www.awdnews.com/index/israel-selling-nuclear-information-to-saudi-israeli-expert/|archive-date=21 July 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite news|last=Daily star, Reuters|title=Saudi Arabia, China sign nuclear cooperation deal|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Jan-16/160011-saudi-arabia-china-sign-nuclear-cooperation-deal.ashx#axzz1m3F0T5LC|accessdate=11 February 2012|newspaper=Daily star, Reuters|date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119070731/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Jan-16/160011-saudi-arabia-china-sign-nuclear-cooperation-deal.ashx#axzz1m3F0T5LC|archive-date=19 January 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite news|last=Ghazanfar Ali Khan|title=Kingdom, China ink nuclear cooperation pact|url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article563797.ece|accessdate=11 February 2012|newspaper=The Arab news, GEO TV, Jang News Group, The News Internationals|date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208145520/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article563797.ece|archive-date=8 February 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
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33. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-cia-helped-saudis-secret-chinese-missile-deal-227283 | title="Exclusive: CIA Helped Saudis in Secret Chinese Missile Deal" | publisher=NEWSWEEK LLC | work=Newsweek (Web site) | date=29 January 2014 | accessdate=10 September 2016 | author=Stein, Jeff | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917172201/http://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-cia-helped-saudis-secret-chinese-missile-deal-227283 | archive-date=17 September 2016 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}
34. ^{{cite web | url=http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/dong-feng-21-df-21/ | title="DONGFENG-21 (DF-21/CSS-5 MODS 1, 2, 6)" | publisher=The Center for Strategic and International Studies Missile Defense Project | work=Missile Threat (Web site) | date=13 April 2016 | accessdate=10 September 2016}}
35. ^{{cite web | url=https://strategypage.com/htmw/htart/articles/20140210.aspx | title="Artillery: Saudi Ballistic Missiles Secretly Upgraded" | publisher=StrategyWorld.com | date=10 February 2014 | accessdate=10 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008215740/https://strategypage.com/htmw/htart/articles/20140210.aspx | archive-date=8 October 2016 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}

External links

  • King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy {{ar icon}} (K.A.CARE is a city that aims to develop nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia)
  • Nuclear Power in Saudi Arabia
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}

7 : Economy of Saudi Arabia|Nuclear technology in Saudi Arabia|Politics of Saudi Arabia|Government of Saudi Arabia|Nuclear programs|Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia|Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations
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