| 词条 | Nucleated village |
| 释义 |
A nucleated village or clustered settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern. It is one of the terms used by geographers and landscape historians to classify settlements.[1] It is most accurate with regard to planned settlements: its concept is one in which the houses, even most farmhouses within the entire associated area of land, such as a parish, cluster around a central church, which is close to the village green. Other focal points can be substituted depending on cultures and location, such as a commercial square, circus, crescent, a railway station, park or a sports stadium. A clustered settlement contrasts with these:
A sub-category of clustered settlement tends to be a planned village or community, deliberately established by landowners or the stated and enforced planning policy of local authorities and central governments. EnglandOne example of a nucleated village in England is Shapwick, Somerset.{{#tag:ref|This has been extensively investigated by Professor Mick Aston.|group= n}} Many nucleated villages originated in Anglo-Saxon England, but historian W. G. Hoskins discredits a previously held view that uniquely associated nucleated villages with that influx to England and their emergent society.[2] In England, nucleated settlements prevail for example in central parts of the country away from the rockiest soil and steepest slopes where open field farming predominated.[3] In this landscape, the village was typically surrounded by two (or three) large fields in which villagers had individual strips - see open field system. Various explanations have been offered as to the reason for this form of settlement including the ethnic origin of the Anglo-Saxon settlers, density of population and the influence of local lords of the manor. Dr Tom Williamson{{#tag:ref|University of East Anglia|group= n}} theorised in 2004 that the best explanation is the combination of soil quality and climate which leads to differences in agricultural techniques for exploiting local conditions.[4] Planned settlements can be clearly distinguished from other communities in the late medieval period when a landowners began to en masse allocate two rows of new houses set on equal-sized plots of land - burgage plots. At the opposite end of the burgage plot there is often a back lane which gives the original village a regular layout, right-angled development, which can often still be seen today in England. Planned villages were usually associated with markets, from which the landowner expected to make profits. Central EuropeIn central Europe, nucleated villages have also emerged from smaller settlements and many farmsteads (equivalent to many hamlets) also grew into societal communities with growth in population. These villages generally have an irregular shape but are roughly circular around a central place and/or church as their epicenter. Further reading
Notes and references
1. ^{{cite book|first=Richard |last=Muir |title=The NEW Reading the Landscape |publisher=University of Exeter Press}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=The Making of the English Landscape|first=WG|last=Hoskins}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Roberts |last2=Rathmell|title=An Atlas of Rural Settlement in England|publisher=English Heritage}} 4. ^{{cite book|first=Tom |last=Williamson|title=Shaping Medieval Landscapes|publisher=Windgather Press |year=2004}}
2 : Landscape history|Types of village |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。