| 词条 | Donald J. Cram |
| 释义 |
|name = Donald James Cram |image = |birth_date = April 22, 1919 |birth_place = Chester, Vermont |death_date = June 17, 2001 (aged 82) |death_place = Palm Desert, California[1] |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |ethnicity = |field = chemistry |work_institutions = UCLA, Merck & Co, MIT |alma_mater = Rollins College University of Nebraska Harvard University |doctoral_advisor = Louis Fieser |doctoral_students = |known_for = Cram's rule Host–guest chemistry phenonium ions paracyclophanes |influences = |influenced = |prizes = Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1987) Glenn T. Seaborg Medal (1989) National Medal of Science (1993) Guggenheim fellowship (1955) |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host–guest chemistry. Early lifeCram was born[2] and raised in Chester, Vermont, to a Scottish immigrant father, and a German immigrant mother. His father died before Cram turned four, leaving him the only male in a family of five. He grew up on Aid to Dependent Children, and learned to work at an early age, doing jobs such as picking fruit, tossing newspapers, and painting houses, while bartering for piano lessons. By the time he turned eighteen, he had worked at least eighteen different jobs.[2] Cram attended the Winwood High School in Long Island, N.Y.[3] From 1938 to 1941, he attended Rollins College, in Winter Park, Florida on a national honorary scholarship, where he worked as an assistant in the chemistry department, and was active in theater, chapel choir, Lambda Chi Alpha, Phi Society, and Zeta Alpha Epsilon. It was at Rollins that he became known for building his own chemistry equipment. In 1941, he graduated from Rollins College with a B.S. in Chemistry.[2] In 1942, he graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln with a M.S. in organic chemistry,[2] with Norman O. Cromwell serving as his thesis adviser. His subject was "Amino ketones, mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with -bromo-, -unsaturated ketones."[4] In 1947, Cram graduated from Harvard University with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry,[2] with Louis Fieser, serving as the adviser on his dissertation on "Syntheses and reactions of 2-(ketoalkyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones"[5] CareerFrom 1942-1945, Cram worked in chemical research at Merck & Co laboratories, doing penicillin research with mentor Max Tishler.[2] Postdoctoral work was as an American Chemical Society postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with John D. Roberts. Cram was the originator of Cram's rule, which provides a model for predicting the outcome of nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds.[6] He published over 350 research papers and eight books on organic chemistry, and taught graduate and post-doctoral students from 21 different countries.[2] ResearchProfessorCram was named an assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1947, and a professor in 1955. He served there until his retirement in 1987. He was a popular teacher, having instructed some 8,000 undergraduates in his career and guided the academic output of 200 graduate students. He entertained his classes by strumming his guitar and singing folk songs.[8] He showed a self-deprecating style, saying at one time: An investigator starts research in a new field with faith, a foggy idea, and a few wild experiments. Eventually the interplay of negative and positive results guides the work. By the time the research is completed, he or she knows how it should have been started and conducted. BibliographyTechnical Reports:
| last = Cram | first = Donald J. | authorlink =Donald J. Cram |author2=Jane M. Cram | title = Container Molecules and their Guests | publisher = Royal Society of Chemistry | year = 1994 | location = Great Britain | pages = 223 pp | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-85404-507-5}}
| last = Cram | first = Donald J. | authorlink =Donald J. Cram | title = From Design to Discovery | publisher = American Chemical Society | year = 1990 | location = Washington, DC | pages = 146pp | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
| last = Cram | first = Jane M. |author2=Donald J. Cram | title = The Essence of Organic Chemistry | publisher = Addison-Wesley | year = 1978 | location = Reading, Massachusetts | pages = 456pp | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
| last = Hendrickson | first = James B. | authorlink = |author2=Donald J. Cram |author3=George S. Hammond | title = Organic Chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1970 | location = Reading, Massachusetts | pages = 1279pp | url = | doi = | id = 3rd ed. | isbn = }}
| last = Richards | first = John | authorlink = |author2=Don Cram |author3=George S. Hammond | title = Elements of organic chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1967 | location = New York | pages = 444pp | url = http://lccn.loc.gov/66024479 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
| last = Cram | first = Donald J. | authorlink =Donald J. Cram | title = Fundamentals of Carbanion Chemistry | publisher = Academic Press | year = 1965 | location = New York | pages = 289pp | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}
| last = Cram | first = Donald J. | authorlink =Donald J. Cram |author2=George S. Hammond | title = Organic Chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1964 | location = New York | pages = 846pp | url = | doi = | id = 2nd ed. | isbn = }}
| last = Cram | first = Donald J. | authorlink =Donald J. Cram |author2=George S. Hammond | title = Organic Chemistry | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1959 | location = New York | pages = 712pp | url = | doi = | id = 1st ed. | isbn = }} Awards and honors
Personal lifeCram once admitted that his career wasn't without sacrifice. His first wife was Rollins classmate, Jean Turner, who also graduated in 1941, and went on to receive a master's degree in social work from Columbia University. His second wife, Jane, is a former chemistry professor at Mt. Holyoke College. Cram chose not to have any children, "because I would either be a bad father or a bad scientist."[2] Cram died of cancer in 2001, at the age of 82.[8] External links
References1. ^1 {{cite web | author = Donald J. Cram | title = Autobiography | publisher = The Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/cram-autobio.html}} {{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1976-2000}}{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|chemistry}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cram, Donald J.}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://tars.rollins.edu/chemistry/People/DCram.shtml|title=Donald J. Cram, Ph.D.: A 1941 Rollins College Chemistry Alumnus and winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry|accessdate=2010-09-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075755/http://tars.rollins.edu/chemistry/People/DCram.shtml|archivedate=2011-07-20|df=}} 3. ^{{cite book | last = James | first = Laylin K. | authorlink = | title = Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901-1992 | publisher = American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation | year = 1994 | location = Washington, DC | pages = 146pp | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-8412-2459-9 }} 4. ^University of Nebraska Research Library entry 5. ^Harvard Library Hollis search 6. ^Studies in Stereochemistry. X. The Rule of "Steric Control of Asymmetric Induction" in the Syntheses of Acyclic Systems Donald J. Cram, Fathy Ahmed Abd Elhafez J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1952; 74(23); 5828-5835. Abstract 7. ^{{cite journal | journal = Chem. Commun. | year = 1997 | pages = 1303–1304 | title = Dissymmetric new hemicarcerands containing four bridges of different lengths |author1=Juyoung Yoon |author2=Carolyn B. Knobler |author3=Emily F. Maverick |author4=Donald J. Cram | doi = 10.1039/a701187c | issue = 14}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite press release | title = Donald Cram, Nobel Laureate and UCLA Chemist, Dies at 82 | publisher = University of California | date = 2001-06-19 | url = http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/3358 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080617125505/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/3358 | archivedate = 2008-06-17 | df = }} 9. ^[https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=91 National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science] 15 : 1919 births|2001 deaths|University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni|National Medal of Science laureates|Nobel laureates in Chemistry|American Nobel laureates|Organic chemists|Stereochemists|American people of Scottish descent|Rollins College alumni|Harvard University alumni|People from Chester, Vermont|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Guggenheim Fellows|American people of German descent |
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