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词条 Donald Johanson
释义

  1. Biography

      Early life and education    "Lucy"    "First Family"    Awards and honors    Other activities  

  2. Bibliography

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Donald Johanson
| image = Donald Johanson (1).jpg
| birth_name = Donald Carl Johanson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|06|28}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
| nationality = American
| field = Paleoanthropology
| workplaces = Arizona State University
| alma_mater = University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
University of Chicago
| known_for = Discovery of a new hominid, Australopithecus afarensis ("Lucy")
}}

Donald Carl Johanson (born June 28, 1943) is an American paleoanthropologist. He is known for discovering – with Yves Coppens and Maurice Taieb – the fossil of a female hominin australopithecine known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region of Hadar, Ethiopia.

Biography

Early life and education

Johanson was born in Chicago, Illinois to Swedish parents, and is the nephew of wrestler Ivar Johansson. He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1966, and his master's degree (1970) and PhD (1974) from the University of Chicago. At the time of the discovery of Lucy, he was an associate professor of anthropology at Case Western Reserve University. In 1981, he established the Institute of Human Origins in Berkeley, California which he later moved to Arizona State University in 1997. Johanson holds an honorary doctorate from Case Western Reserve University,[1] and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Westfield State College in 2008.

"Lucy"

{{Main|Lucy (Australopithecus)}}

Lucy was discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia on November 24, 1974, when Johanson, coaxed away from his paperwork by graduate student Tom Gray for a spur-of-the-moment survey, caught the glint of a white fossilized bone out of the corner of his eye, and recognized it as hominin. Forty percent of the skeleton was eventually recovered, and was later described as the first known member of Australopithecus afarensis. Johanson was astonished to find so much of her skeleton all at once. Pamela Alderman, a member of the expedition, suggested she be named "Lucy" after the Beatles' song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" which was played repeatedly during the night of the discovery.

A bipedal hominin, Lucy stood about three and a half feet tall; her bipedalism supported Raymond Dart's theory that australopithecines walked upright. Johanson and his team concluded from Lucy's rib that she ate a plant-based diet, and from her curved finger bones that she was probably still at home in trees. They did not immediately see Lucy as a separate species, but considered her an older member of Australopithecus africanus. The discovery, however, of several more skulls of similar morphology persuaded most palaeontologists to classify her as a species called afarensis.[2]

Johanson and Maitland A. Edey won a 1982 U.S. National Book Award in Science[3]

for the first popular book about this work, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind.[4]

"First Family"

AL 333, commonly referred to as the "First Family," is a collection of prehistoric hominin teeth and bones of at least thirteen individuals that were also discovered in Hadar by Johanson's team in 1975. Generally thought to be members of the species Australopithecus afarensis, the fossils are estimated to be about 3.2 million years old.

Awards and honors

  • In 1991, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) awarded Johanson their highest honor, the In Praise of Reason award.[5]
  • On October 24, 2014, Johanson accepted the "Emperor Has No Clothes" award at the Freedom From Religion Foundation 37th annual convention.[6]
  • Asteroid 52246 Donaldjohanson, a target of the Lucy mission was named in his honor.[7] The official {{MoMP|52246|naming citation}} was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 December 2015 ({{small|M.P.C. 97569}}).[8]

Other activities

Since 2013, Johanson has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.[7]

Bibliography

  • {{cite book | last=Johanson | first=Donald |author2=Maitland Edey| year=1981 | title=Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgGNlFMM5XQC&pg=PA | location=New York | publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=0-671-25036-1}}
  • {{cite book | last=Johanson | first=Donald |author2=James Shreeve| year=1989 | title=Lucy's Child: The Discovery of a Human Ancestor | location=London | publisher=Viking | isbn=0-670-83366-5}}
  • {{cite book | last=Johanson | first=Donald |author2=Blake Edgar| year=1996 | title=From Lucy to Language | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VKEjAbpggcC&pg=PP1 | location=New York | publisher=Simon & Schuster | isbn=0-684-81023-9}}
  • {{cite book | last=Johanson | first=Donald |author2=Giancarlo Ligabue | year=1999 | title=Ecce Homo: Writings in Honour of Third Millennium Man | location=Milan | publisher=Electa | isbn=88-435-7170-2}}
  • {{cite book | last=Johanson | first=Donald |author2=Kate Wong | year=2009 | title=Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins | location=New York | publisher=Harmony Books | isbn=0-307-39639-8}}

See also

  • Australopithecus afarensis
  • Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film)
  • List of fossil sites (with link directory)
  • List of hominina (hominin) fossils (with images)
  • Multi-regional origin
  • Single-origin hypothesis

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://blog.case.edu/case-news/2009/05/14/honorarydegrees2009 |title=Honorary Degrees, CWRU 2009 |date=14 May 2009 |accessdate=2009-05-15}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Donald C. Johanson|title=Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins|year=2009|publisher=Harmony Books}}
3. ^This was the 1982 award for paperback Science.
From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Awards history there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and multiple nonfiction subcategories. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints of books eligible for previous awards but the 1982 Science was original, Taking the Quantum Leap by Fred Alan Wolf.
4. ^[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1981 "National Book Awards – 1981"]. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
5. ^{{cite journal|title=CSICOP's 1991 Awards|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|date=1991|volume=16|issue=1|page=16}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today/item/22417-crowd-loves-lucy-scientific-sleuth-johanson|title=Crowd loves Lucy scientific sleuth Johanson|work=ffrf.org}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=https://ncse.com/about/advisory-council |title=Advisory Council |website=ncse.com |publisher=National Center for Science Education |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810112828/https://ncse.com/about/advisory-council |archivedate=2013-08-10 |accessdate=2018-10-30}}
8. ^{{cite web |title = 52246 Donaldjohanson (1981 EQ5) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=52246 |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web |title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |work = Minor Planet Center |url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}

References

{{reflist|30em|refs=[8][9]

}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • [https://iho.asu.edu/ Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State University]
  • Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D. – Academy of Achievement
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PR_9_5gxvxg In Search of Human Origins] – PBS
  • Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins – Video
  • [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1010642 NPR. Science Friday. "Human Origins"] – May 9, 1997 interview with Johanson.
  • [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6566270 NPR. Science Friday. "Lucy's Relative"] – December 1, 2006 interview with Johanson.
  • [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101547347 NPR. Science Friday. "Lucy's Legacy"] – March 6, 2009 interview with Johanson.
  • "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?" by Donald Johanson
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Johanson, Donald}}

13 : American anthropologists|American anthropology writers|American male non-fiction writers|Anthropology educators|Human evolution theorists|Arizona State University faculty|National Book Award winners|Paleoanthropologists|University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni|University of Chicago alumni|1943 births|Living people|American people of Swedish descent

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