| 词条 | Donald Lynden-Bell |
| 释义 |
| name = Donald Lynden-Bell | image = Donald Lynden-Bell.jpg | image_upright = | caption = Lynden-Bell in 2008 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|4|5}} | birth_place = Dover, United Kingdom[1] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|2|6|1935|4|5}}[2] | death_place = Cambridge, United Kingdom | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | ethnicity = | fields = Astrophysics | workplaces = University of Cambridge | alma_mater = University of Cambridge | doctoral_advisor = Leon Mestel | doctoral_students = Ofer Lahav Somak Raychaudhury Simon White | thesis_title = Stellar and galactic dynamics | thesis_year = 1961 | awards = Karl Schwarzschild Medal {{small|(1983)}} Eddington Medal {{small|(1984)}} Brouwer Award {{small|(1991)}} Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society {{small|(1993)}} Bruce Medal {{small|(1998)}} John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science {{small|(2000)}} Henry Norris Russell Lectureship {{small|(2000)}} Kavli Prize for Astrophysics {{small|(2008)}} | religion = | signature = | footnotes = }} Donald Lynden-Bell CBE FRS (5 April 1935 – 6 February 2018) was a British theoretical astrophysicist. He was the first to determine that galaxies contain supermassive black holes at their centres, and that such black holes power quasars.[3] Lynden-Bell was President of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985–87) and received numerous awards for his work, including the inaugural Kavli Prize for Astrophysics. He worked at the University of Cambridge for his entire career, where he was the first director of its Institute of Astronomy. BiographyLynden-Bell was born at Dover Castle in Dover, Kent, into a military family,[4] as one of two children to Lachan Arthur Lynden-Bell (1897–1984){{citation needed|date=February 2018}} and Monica Rose Thring (1906–1994).{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} His father, a Lieutenant colonel, fought on the Western Front and in the Middle East during World War I and had received a Military Cross.[5][4] He had a sister, Jean Monica.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} He attended Marlborough College before being admitted to Clare College, Cambridge in 1953.[5] After earning a distinction in the Mathematical Tripos,[5] Lynden-Bell went on to doctoral studies in theoretical astronomy working with Leon Mestel, which he completed in 1960.[6] In 1962, he published research with Olin Eggen and Allan Sandage[7] arguing that the Milky Way originated through the dynamic collapse of a single large gas cloud.[8] In 1969 he published his theory that quasars are powered by massive black holes accreting material. From counting dead quasars, he deduced that most massive galaxies have black holes at their centres.[9] Lynden-Bell developed theory for the relaxation of a system of particles in changing potential field known as "violent relaxation." Violent relaxation has many applications in dynamical astronomy, affecting the orbits of stars within star clusters and galaxies.[10] Lynden-Bell is also known for the development of the theory of the "gravothermal catastrophe," a phenomenon in star clusters that is the result of the negative heat capacity of gravitational systems. The catastrophe occurs when the core of a cluster shrinks and heats up, causing it to transfer energy to stars in the cluster's halo, leading the cluster core to collapse.[11] Lynden-Bell authored an influential 1974 paper with James E. Pringle about the evolution of disks around "nebular variables," which were later to become known as T Tauri stars – an early phase in a star's life cycle.[12] The paper predicts the signature of radiation from such disks, which is emitted primarily at infrared wavelengths where it dominates over the emission from the star.[13] Excess infrared emission from young stars has become one of the primary methods used to identify these objects in astronomical surveys.[14] In 1971, he became Professor of Astrophysics (1909) and later the first director of the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, when it formed from the merger of the Institute of Theoretical Astrophyics and the Cambridge Observatories in 1972.[5] In the 1980s, he was a member of a group of astronomers known as the 'Seven Samurai' (with Sandra Faber, David Burstein, Alan Dressler, Roger Davies, Roberto Terlevich, and Gary A. Wegner) who postulated the existence of the Great Attractor, a huge, diffuse region of material around 250 million light-years away that results in the observed motion of our local galaxies.[15] Lynden-Bell, Roger Griffin, Neville Woolf, and Wallace L. W. Sargent were in the 2015 documentary film Star Men that covered some of their professional accomplishments at their fiftieth reunion to redo a memorable hike.[16] His research in the last years of his life mainly focused on astrophysical jets and general relativity.[17] Personal life and deathDonald was married to Ruth Lynden-Bell, a professor of chemistry at the University of Cambridge, on 1 July 1961.[18] Lynden-Bell died at his home in Cambridge on 6 February 2018, at the age of 82.[2] He had a stroke in the months preceding his death, and never fully recovered.[19] Responding to news of his death, John Zarnecki, then President of the Royal Astronomical Society, praised Lynden-Bell's contributions to astronomy, particularly his "incisive questions at scientific meetings and being generous in his support for others".[20] HonoursAwards
Named after him
Further reading
References1. ^{{cite web|title=The Astronomers|url=http://www.starmen.space/astronomers|website=Star Men|publisher=Inigo Athenaeum Enterprise Inc.|accessdate=25 October 2016|date=2015}} {{Kavli Prize laureates}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lynden-Bell, Donald}}2. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/content/prof.donald.lynden-bell | title = Prof. Donald Lynden-Bell | date=6 February 2018 | accessdate = 6 February 2018|publisher= Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge}} 3. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Davies|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Davies (astrophysicist)|date=28 February 2018|title=Donald Lynden-Bell (1935–2018)|department=Obituary|journal=Nature|volume=555|issue=7695|pages=166|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02579-w|pmid=29517024|bibcode=2018Natur.555..166D}} 4. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/donald-lynden-bell-f35ng2flp|title=Donald Lynden-Bell|last=|first=|date=9 February 2018|work=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|publisher=The Times|page=53|url-access=limited}} 5. ^1 2 {{Citation | last1 = Lynden-Bell | first1 = Donald | title = Searching for Insight | year = 2010 | journal = Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 48 | pages = 1–19| bibcode = 2010ARA&A..48....1L| doi = 10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130859 }} 6. ^{{cite thesis | title=Stellar and Galactic Dynamics | year=1960 | type=PhD | last=Lynden-Bell | first=Donald | publisher=University of Cambridge}} 7. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Lynden-Bell | first1 = Donald | authorlink1 = Donald Lynden-Bell| last2 = Schweizer | first2 = François| title = Allan Rex Sandage. 18 June 1926 -- 13 November 2010 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2011.0021 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 58 | pages = 245–264 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = | title-link = Allan Sandage }} 8. ^{{Cite journal | last = Eggen | first = O. J. | last2 = Lynden-Bell | first2 = D. | last3 = Sandage | first3 = A. R. | year = 1962 | title = Evidence from the motions of old stars that the Galaxy collapsed | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 136 | pages = 748 | doi = 10.1086/147433 | bibcode = 1962ApJ...136..748E }} 9. ^{{Cite journal | last = Lynden-Bell | first = D. | year = 1969 | title = Galactic Nuclei as Collapsed Old Quasars | journal = Nature | volume = 223 | issue = 5207 | pages = 690–694 | doi = 10.1038/223690a0 | bibcode=1969Natur.223..690L}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Lynden-Bell|first=D.|year=1967|title=Statistical mechanics of violent relaxation in stellar systems|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=136|pages=101–121|bibcode=1967MNRAS.136..101L|doi=10.1093/mnras/136.1.101|arxiv=astro-ph/0212205}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Lynden-Bell|first=D.|last2=Wood|first2=Roger|year=1968|title=The gravo-thermal catastrophe in isothermal spheres and the onset of red-giant structure for stellar systems|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=138|issue=4|pages=495|bibcode=1968MNRAS.138..495L|doi=10.1093/mnras/138.4.495}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://thewire.in/224549/donald-lynden-bell-legacy-astronomical-excellence/|title=Donald Lynden-Bell: A Legacy of Astronomical Excellence|author= Aswin Sekhar|website=thewire.com|access-date=February 16, 2018|date=February 15, 2018}} 13. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Lynden-Bell | last2 = Pringle |first1=D. |first2=J. E. | display-authors = etal | year=1974 | title = The evolution of viscous discs and the origin of the nebular variables | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 168 | issue = 3 | pages = 603 | doi=10.1093/mnras/168.3.603 | bibcode=1974MNRAS.168..603L}} 14. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Lada | last2 = Lada | first1=Charles J.| first2=Elizabeth A. |display-authors = etal | year=2003 | title = Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds | journal = Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume = 41 | pages = 57–115 | doi=10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094844 | arxiv=astro-ph/0301540 | bibcode=2003ARA&A..41...57L}} 15. ^Dennis Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos, 1st. ed., p. 410, Harper Collins, 1991 16. ^{{cite web|last1=Bradshaw|first1=Peter|title=Star Men review – desert road trip, space odyssey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/19/star-men-review-desert-road-trip-space-odyssey|website=the Guardian|accessdate=7 February 2018|language=en|date=19 November 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Donald Lynden-Bell, British astronomer - Stock Image C020/7225 - Science Photo Library|url=http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/589840/view|website=www.sciencephoto.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.academia-net.org/profil/professor-emeritus-ruth-lynden-bell/1355637|title=Professor emeritus Ruth Lynden-Bell|publisher=AcademiaNet}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://telescoper.wordpress.com/2018/02/06/r-i-p-donald-lynden-bell-1935-2018/|title=R.I.P. Donald Lynden-Bell (1935-2018)|publisher=WordPress|date=2018-02-06}} 20. ^{{cite web|last1=Hollis|first1=Morgan|title=Professor Donald Lynden-Bell CBE FRS, 1935-2018|url=http://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/3090-professor-donald-lynden-bell-cbe-frs-1935-2018|publisher=Royal Astronomical Society|accessdate=27 February 2018|language=en-gb|date=19 February 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Recipients of the Karl Schwarzschild Medal — English|url=http://www.astronomische-gesellschaft.org/en/activities/awards/schwarzschild|publisher=Astronomische Gesellschaft|accessdate=7 February 2018|language=en}} 22. ^{{Citation | last1 = Hide | first1 = R. | title = Presentation of the Eddington Medal to Lynden-Bell 1984FEB10 | year = 1984 | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 25 | pages = 231| bibcode = 1984QJRAS..25..231H}} 23. ^{{Citation | title = Donald Lynden-Bell received the 1991 Dirk Brouwer Award of the American Astronomical Society. | year = 1991 | journal = Physics Today | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = Q82| bibcode = 1991PhT....44Q..82. | doi = 10.1063/1.2809968 }} 24. ^{{Citation | title = Gold Medal to Lynden-Bell | year = 1993 | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 34 | pages = 273| bibcode = 1993QJRAS..34..273.}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Past Recipients of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal « Astronomical Society|url=https://www.astrosociety.org/about-us/awards/past-recipients-of-the-catherine-wolfe-bruce-gold-medal-2/|publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|accessdate=7 February 2018}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science |url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_carty |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |accessdate=15 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229180532/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_carty |archivedate=29 December 2010 |df=dmy }} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Henry Norris Russell Lectureship {{!}} American Astronomical Society|url=https://aas.org/grants-and-prizes/henry-norris-russell-lectureship|publisher=American Astronomical Society|accessdate=7 February 2018|language=en}} 28. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/prizes/2008-kavli-prize-laureates-astrophysics | title=2008 Kavli Prize Laureates in Astrophysics | date=28 August 2008 | website=www.kavliprize.org}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dnva.no/c26849/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40118|title=Gruppe 2: Fysikkfag (herunder astronomi, fysikk og geofysikk)|publisher=Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters|language=Norwegian|accessdate=7 October 2010}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=IAU Minor Planet Center: (18235) Lynden-Bell|url=https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?utf8=%E2%9C%93&object_id=18235|accessdate=7 February 2018}} 16 : Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|1935 births|2018 deaths|People educated at Marlborough College|English astronomers|British astrophysicists|Commanders of the Order of the British Empire|Fellows of the Royal Society|Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society|Fellows of Clare College, Cambridge|People from Dover, Kent|Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters|Recipients of awards from the United States National Academy of Sciences|Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge|Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society |
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