| 词条 | Odontomachus |
| 释义 |
| image =Odontomachus monticola.jpg | image_caption = Odontomachus monticola | taxon = Odontomachus | authority = Latreille, 1804 | type_species = Formica haematoda | type_species_authority = | diversity_link = #Species | diversity = 69 species | diversity_ref = [1] | synonyms =Champsomyrmex Emery, 1892 Myrtoteras Matsumura, 1912 Pedetes Bernstein, 1861 }} Odontomachus, or trap-jaw ants, is a genus of carnivorous ants found in the tropics and subtropics throughout the world. OverviewCommonly known as trap-jaw ants, species in Odontomachus have a pair of large, straight mandibles capable of opening 180 degrees. These jaws are locked in place by an internal mechanism, and can snap shut on prey or objects when sensory hairs on the inside of the mandibles are touched. The mandibles are powerful and fast, giving the ant its common name. The mandibles either kill or maim the prey, allowing the ant to bring it back to the nest. Odontomachus can simply lock and snap its jaws again if one bite is not enough, or to cut off bits of larger food. The mandibles also permit slow and fine movements for other tasks such as nest building and care of larvae.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} The ants were also observed to use their jaws as a catapult to eject intruders or fling themselves backwards to escape a threat.[2][2] Speed recordTrap-jaw ants of this genus have the second fastest moving predatory appendages within the animal kingdom,[3] after the dracula ant (Mystrium camillae).[4] One study of Odontomachus bauri recorded peak speeds of between {{convert|126|and|230|km/h}}, with the jaws closing within just 130 microseconds on average. The peak force exerted was in the order of 300 times the body weight of the ant and acceleration of 1 000 000 m/s² or 100 000 g. MimicryThe jumping spider genus Enoplomischus seems to mimic this ant genus.[5] DistributionOdontomachus species are found in Central to South America, Asia, Australia, and Africa.[6]In the United States, Odontomachus haematodus was "recorded in Alabama back in 1956. But now researchers have officially confirmed that the species has spread across the Gulf Coast, at least as far east as Pensacola, Florida."[7] In the past, "Odontomachus ruginodis was thought to be confined to the Orlando region"; however, Magdalena Sorger, a PhD candidate at North Carolina State University, "has confirmed a record of ruginodis more than a hundred miles north of Orlando, in Gainesville, Florida."[8] Odontomachus relictus, however, is only found in "endangered scrub habitat on central Florida’s ancient sand ridges."[9] Species{{div col|colwidth=30em}}73 valid species[10]
References1. ^{{AntCat|430098|Odontomachus|2014|accessdate=20 July 2014}} 2. ^Ant Jaws Break Speed Record — Videos of Odontomachus jumping using its jaws 3. ^1 {{cite journal| title=Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date=22 August 2006 |vauthors=Patek SN, Baio JE, Fisher BL, Suarez AV | volume=103 | issue=34 | pages=12787–12792 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0604290103 | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/34/12787.full.pdf+html | format=PDF | accessdate=7 June 2008 | pmid=16924120 | pmc=1568925 }} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/12/181211192143.htm|title=Dracula ants possess fastest known animal appendage: The snap-jaw|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=2018-12-12}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last=Wesołowska |first=W. |date=2005 |title=A new species of Enoplomischus from Kenya (Araneae: Salticidae: Leptorchestinae) |url=http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/Enoplomischus%20spinosus.pdf |journal=Genus |publisher= |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=307–311 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315221403/http://www.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/Enoplomischus%20spinosus.pdf |archivedate=2007-03-15 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=C. A. |last2=Shattuck |first2=S. O. |date=2014 |title=The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3817 |issue=1 |pages=1–242 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1 |pmid=24943802}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://entomologytoday.org/2014/06/20/powerful-trap-jaw-ants-are-gaining-ground-in-the-southeastern-united-states/|title=Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States|date=20 June 2014|publisher=Entomology Today|accessdate=20 June 2014|quote=One species called Odontomachus haematodus was unofficially recorded in Alabama back in 1956. But now researchers have officially confirmed that the species has spread across the Gulf Coast, at least as far east as Pensacola, Florida.}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://entomologytoday.org/2014/06/20/powerful-trap-jaw-ants-are-gaining-ground-in-the-southeastern-united-states/|title=Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States|date=20 June 2014|publisher=Entomology Today|accessdate=20 June 2014|quote=As recently as a few years ago, another species called Odontomachus ruginodis was thought to be confined to the Orlando region, and points south. But now Sorger has confirmed a record of ruginodis more than a hundred miles north of Orlando, in Gainesville, Florida.}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://entomologytoday.org/2014/06/20/powerful-trap-jaw-ants-are-gaining-ground-in-the-southeastern-united-states/|title=Powerful Trap-jaw Ants are Gaining Ground in the Southeastern United States|date=20 June 2014|publisher=Entomology Today|accessdate=20 June 2014|quote=Not all of the trap-jaw species are on the move, however. Sorger also studies Odontomachus relictus, a species that is found only in endangered scrub habitat on central Florida’s ancient sand ridges.}} 10. ^An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World by Barry Bolton 11. ^An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World: O. paleomyagra External links{{Commons|Odontomachus}}
2 : Ponerinae|Ant genera |
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