| 词条 | Okada (motorcycle taxi) |
| 释义 |
}} In Nigeria, an okada (also: achaba, going, inaga[1]) is a motorcycle taxi. The name was borrowed from Okada Air, a Nigerian local airline, now defunct. Motorcycle taxis or Okadas are also commonly used in some other West African countries,[2] including Togo (Oléyia), Benin (Zémidjans), Burkina Faso, Liberia (Phen-Phen) and Sierra Leone.[3] EtymologyIn its time, Okada Air was the most popular Nigerian local airline, but was not known for its comfort.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} The airline was named after Okada town near Benin City, the hometown of its owner, Chief Gabriel Igbinedion. The motorcycle transports were nicknamed after the airline, because they could manoeuvre through the heavy traffic of Lagos, and take passengers to their destinations in a timely manner, in the same way as the airline. The ironic humour of an airline's name being used for commercial motorcyclists, as well as the local familiarity with Okada Air, caused the nickname of okada to outlive the airline from which it originated, which many Nigerians no longer remember. HistoryThe use of motorcycle taxis in Nigeria predates the Babangida administration: they were known in the Cross River State in the 1970s while Achaba or motorcycle taxis were also present in parts of Yola[4] and Gongola State (now Adamawa State) in the late 1970s and spread to Lagos through a group of individuals in the Agege Local Government Area.[5][2] Okadas began to spread in the 1980s and became more popular in the late 1980s following an economic downturn in Nigeria which was partly a consequence of the adoption of liberalize economic policy in the form Structural Adjustment Program with a combined effect of rapid urbanization, unemployment and inadequate intra-city public transportation.[2] Some of the advantages of the use of motorcycle taxis for intra-city commercial transport are that they are readily available.[2] They also easily navigate narrow and bad roads and remote areas, and meander through the hectic urban traffic, thereby meeting the unmet transport needs of some urban residents.Unemployed youths began to use motorcycles to earn money by transporting passengers swiftly to their doorsteps and sometimes on narrow or poorly maintained roads.[2] This type of transportation quickly became popular, and acceptance of it increased steadily. Okadas are now one of the primary modes of transportation in Nigeria, and constitute a cheap and adaptable transportation system, the most popular informal one in the country. Even in remote villages, they arrive at regular intervals. It has become a means of transportation regularly used by the young and the old, and men and women. Unfortunately, the rise in okada usage has been accompanied by increased occurrences of risky driving, and accidents, on Nigerian roads; as a result, okadas have come under heavy criticism, resulting in legislation intended to restrict or prohibit their operation in some Nigerian cities, notably Lagos in 2012.[6] Okadas in Nigerian societyTaxicab and bus service in Nigeria is inadequate, and congestion and poorly maintained roads are widespread. Okadas are used in cities such as Lagos by businessmen, government workers, and students to overcome traffic congestion, and can navigate roads that are inaccessible to automobiles and buses, particularly in villages and urban slums. Contributing to the flourishing of okadas is their low purchase price for operators, and their superior fuel efficiency, which is particularly important during petrol shortages in Nigeria. Okada fares are usually higher than those of public transit. Riding on an okada has been described as "a unique experience" by both tourists and local users.[7] Demographics of okada drivers and passengersA study carried out in 1993 in Yola, a medium-sized city that is the capital of the northeastern state of Adamawa, Nigeria, provides additional insight into the okada business. The study showed that about 88% of the okada drivers were between 18 and 30 years old, and only 47% had received any type of formal education. The survey also elicited information from 106 passengers. Customers generally were male (65%); were young adults between 18 and 30 years of age (57%); had completed at least secondary school (83%); were unemployed but in the job market (59%); and had low to moderate incomes (45%). They valued okadas mainly because they were fast and readily available. Reasons that customers disliked them were that they considered them to be unsafe (this was stated by 67% of the respondents) and expensive (stated by 43% of the respondents). A survey of okada customers in Akure also revealed customer concerns over safety—61% felt operators drove too fast, and 31% said that they drove too recklessly.[7] Left with few transportation options, however, many continue to patronize okadas despite knowing well the significant risks involved.[7] Criticism{{See also|Motorcycle safety}}AccidentsOkadas, like motorcycles elsewhere, have a higher rate of crippling and fatal accidents per unit of distance travelled than automobiles. A study conducted in the United States in 2004 showed that while about 15.0 cars out of 100,000 ended up in fatal crashes, the rate for motorcycles was 69.3 per 100,000.[8]{{Verify source|date=January 2010}} A 1998 study at the Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, showed that injuries to limbs occurred in 79.3% of patients who reported at the emergency department of that hospital.{{clarify|reason=Were these only motorcycle riders? Does reported at mean came into, or were surveyed in?|date=July 2012}} The same study also stated the male to female ratio of accident victims to be around 2.8:1, and identified the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to be practically nonexistent among okada riders.[9]{{Verify source|date=January 2010}} CausesGiven the common incidence and serious consequences of motorcycle accidents, there has been surprisingly little study of their causes. The only major work that has been done on this subject in the United States is the Hurt Report, performed around 1980 in the Los Angeles area. One of the central conclusions of the report was: The failure of motorists to detect and recognize motorcycles in traffic is the predominating cause of motorcycle accidents. The driver of the other vehicle involved in collision with the motorcycle did not see the motorcycle before the collision, or did not see the motorcycle until too late to avoid the collision. However, in Nigeria, the reverse may in fact be true—the vast majority of okada drivers do not pay attention to road signs and other motorists. {{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} Other causes of motorcycle accidents:
Okadas and crimeThe influx of okadas has been linked{{by whom|date=January 2010}} to an increase in crime in cities throughout Nigeria, particularly in city centres, urban slums, and red light districts. The criminal activities range from theft of purses and mobile phones to abduction, grand larceny, and even politically motivated murder. Other issuesOkadas have been criticized{{By whom|date=January 2010}} for causing or exacerbating traffic congestion in the cities where they operate. There have also been incidents involving gang beatings, in which okada drivers have attacked motorists after traffic accidents. Fights have been known to escalate into riots and vehicles being set on fire. See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url= http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/7018/1/The-impact-of-Inaga-ban-on-students/Page1.html|title= The impact of Inaga ban on students|accessdate=2009-12-27 |work= www.thenationonlineng.com |publisher=The Nation (Lagos), Thursday, 18 June 2009}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Ezeibe, Nzeadibe, Ali, Udeogu, Nwankwo and Ogbodo|first=|last2=|first2=|author-name-separator=|date=2017|title=Work on wheels: collective organising of motorcycle taxis in Nigerian cities|url=https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2017.10|journal=IDPR|volume=39|issue=3|pages=249–273|doi=10.3828/idpr.2017.10|via=Liverpool University Press}} 3. ^Mbella Mouelle, S. L. (2014). Complex causality between transportation and human security: A special focus on the city of douala, cameroon http://search.proquest.com/docview/1625048725/ 4. ^Olubomehin Oladipo.(2012). The Development and Impact of Motorcycles as Means of Commercial Transportation in Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online). Vol.2, No.6, 2012 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/17804/669410NWP0DP130IC00Role0Motorcycles.pdf;squence=1|title=Understanding the emerging role of motorcycles in African cities: a political economy perspective|last=Kumar|first=A|date=2011|website=World Bank|access-date=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|title = Will Lagos Authorities Reverse Okada Restriction?| url = https://www.naij.com/280422-lagos-state-okada-restriction.html|website = Naij.com - Nigeria news |access-date = 2016-02-15| language = en-US|first = Bamidele|last = Olowosagba}} 7. ^1 2 Cervero, R: "Informal Transport in the Developing World", 2005 8. ^US Highway Safety Authority, 2004 9. ^Oluwadiya et al., "Motorcycle limb injuries in a developing country", "West African Journal of Medicine", 2004 Further reading
7 : Transport in Nigeria|Motorcycle taxis|Transport in Togo|Transport in Benin|Transport in Burkina Faso|Transport in Liberia|Transport in Sierra Leone |
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