| 词条 | Oliver Goodall |
| 释义 |
|name=Oliver Goodall |image= |caption= |birth_date= May 28, 1922 |death_date= {{death date and age|2010|10|30|1922|5|28}} |birth_place= |death_place= |placeofburial= |placeofburial_label= Place of burial |nickname= |allegiance=United States of America |branch=United States Army Air Forces United States Air Force |serviceyears= |rank= |unit= 477th Bombardment Group |commands= |battles=World War II |awards= |relations= |laterwork= }} Oliver Goodall (May 28, 1922 – October 30, 2010)[1] was one of the Tuskegee Airmen. He was involved in the Freeman Field Mutiny, and he was active member in the Tuskegee Airmen, Inc. Goodall attended the University of Detroit. He joined the Tuskegee airmen in Pasadena. Although Goodall was a Tuskegee Airmen, he did most of his training at Selfridge Field with the rest of the 477th medium bomber group. As an African American he faced a lot of racism. He overcame this to become a pilot. After his training he was assigned to the 477th Bombardment Group. It was at that Group that the mutiny occurred. The Freeman Field mutiny was a culmination of many events that were caused by racism. The first was the switch from the 477th home base to a much smaller and less well-equipped base. The second being the racist commander not allowing blacks and whites to talk to each other, and the third not allowing the black officer into the officer club. This then led to 162 black officers walking into the club and then being arrested. Eventually they were acquitted. The 477th was activated on January 15, 1944 at Selfridge Army Air Field, Michigan, about 40 miles (65 km) from Detroit(477 bomber group). This base now has a 9,000 foot (2,770 m) runway but this was not always so. This base was opened on July 1, 1917 on {{convert|640|acre|km2|1}} that were leased by the Army for $190,000 from Henry B. Joy, the president of the Packard Motor Company. The Field was named after Lt. Thomas Selfridge, the first military officer to die in an aviation accident. he died while flying with Orville Wright at Fort Myer, Virginia on September 17, 1908. After World War II the base expanded to its present size of {{convert|3600|acre|km2|0}} and now the base is controlled by Michigan Air National Guard However, for a short time the base was home to the 477th. The B25The 477th was a medium bomber group, and like most medium bomber groups of their day they flew the B-25 Mitchell. The B-25 is a twin engine medium bomber that was manufactured by North American Aviation. North American Aviation Inc. was founded on December 6, 1928 by Clement Keys as a holding company that bought and sold interests in various airlines and aviation-relation companies. However, the Air Mail Act of 1934 forced the breakup of such companies. So in order to continue business North American Aviation started building planes for the war effort. North American Aviation was responsible for a number of historic aircraft like the P-51 Mustang, F-86 Sabre Jet, the Apollo Command and Service Module as well as the B-25. Despite all of this company’s glory, North American Aviation was bought out in December 1996 by Boeing. Although this company no longer exists North American Aviation was responsible for many of our countries greatest aircraft. The B-25 was a major factor throughout World War II. In both the Pacific and the European theater the B-25 was used to great effect. Throughout history the B-25’s are famous for two main things:
The B-25 Mitchell is a twin engine medium bomber and the B-25 had two Wright R-2600-13 Double Cyclone fourteen-cylinder air-cooled radials, rated at 1700 hp each for takeoff and 1500 hp at 2400 rpm. Equipped with Holley 1685HA carburetors or Bendix Stromberg carburetors. The B-25 is named after General Billy Mitchell and is the only American military aircraft named after a specific person. The B-25 can be flown by a six-person crew. The B-25 has multiple turrets. The plane has one in the front or also known as the bombardier’s compartment and there is also another turret known as the upper turret. Then there is another turret that is in the radio operator's compartment and the gunner is known as the waist gunner. Then the last turret is in the tail and the gunner is known as the tail gunner. Another important bit of information is that each turret had at least two 50 caliber machine guns and each gun ammo capacity was from three hundred to four hundred rounds. Also this plane can deliver up to 4,000 pounds (1800 kg) of bombs and some could carry 8 × 5 in (127 mm) high velocity aircraft rockets. Besides firepower the B-25's had some pretty good armor. The B-25's were equipped with ¼ inch (6 mm) armor along the bombardier compartment, the pilot compartment and the upper turret. Then the rest of the plane had 3/8 inch (10 mm) armor around most of the hull, but an interesting note is that there is ½ inch armor behind the tail gunner that was used to protect the tail gunner from the upper turret gunner. (Heavenly Body) The B-25 has a wingspan 67 feet 6.7 inches, length 53 feet 5.75 inches (bomber version), height 16 feet 4.2 inches, wing area {{convert|610|sqft|m2|0}}. (Heavenly Body) The plane has a normal operating weight of 33,000 pounds (15,000 kg) but even though the plane is very heavy the plane has a cruising speed of {{convert|230|mi/h|km/h|-1|abbr=on}} and that plane has a range of 1275 miles.(Heavenly Body) The B-25 was so useful that it was used by the Army, Air force and the Navy. This plane was also used by Australia, the United Kingdom, China, The Netherlands and the Soviet Union. The 447thAs was stated earlier the 477th was activated January 15, 1944 and they were a group of medium bombers that flew the B-25 Mitchell. But The most important fact is that this was a "colored" group, meaning that they were an all black fleet. The 477th started out with many problems. One being that the Army Air Force did not establish Schools to train Blacks in the arts of navigation and bombardment until well into the war. Although the 477th was short of navigators and bombers that group did have pilots. A lot of these pilots were former Tuskegee Airmen that were ready to return to combat.Although the 477th was short on crew they had many more important problems. The 477th, moreover, was born under a cloud, Army Air Forces Commanding General Henry H. (Hap) Arnold tried to abort the unit before it was born. The 477th also had the misfortune to be assigned to a numbered Air Force (1st Air Force) that was commanded by an ardent racial segregationist, Major General Frank O. Hunter. He saw his role throughout the entire history of the 477th not as one of preparing a unit for combat in a war with great stakes. Rather, he perceived his function as barring the Tuskegee Airmen from any respect from its leaders. Worse, and more importantly, he agreed to the illegal humiliation of the Tuskegee Airmen. Besides this there were many other problems. Colonel Robert E. Selway, without any advance notice to his men, ordered that people of the 477th to board trains to move to an unknown location. Selway was concerned about race tensions in Detroit that had never affected his unit and despite the pressures of preparing a unit that he would lead into combat, moved the unit to Godman Army Air Field near Fort Knox, Kentucky. This base was completely inadequate for the 477th. Selfridge had four times more hangar space the Godman, seven times the area, five times the aviation gasoline capacity, more runways, and better flying weather. More to the point, Godman could not house the entire group at one time because the field had inadequate apron and hangar space. The move was bad and it was done for racial reasons. The move seriously delayed the 477th training program and damaged morale." The 477th was at the undersized Godman Field from May 5, 1944 to March 1, 1945, but this was soon followed by an act of mutiny. The Freemen Field mutiny occurred on March 10, 1945.(AFRO-American Almanac) The mutiny was a culmination of years of racisms and hate, and the worse thing was that all of this hate was condoned by General Hunter. Hunter himself gave this racist briefing.
Although the black officers were not allowed to enter the officers quarters since they were deemed trainees, the black officers got their own club.
On April 5, 1945 the great mutiny occurred. This happened when the last of the troops at Godman were relocated to Freeman. Then when they got there 162 of the black officers calmly walked into the white officers club a few at a time and they were all put under house arrest as they entered(Freeman Field Mutiny) and quote by Oliver Goodall himself
One officer Lt. Terry was fined $150 for offering violence against a superior officer.(Freeman Field Mutiny") and the rest of the men were let go, it was not until 50 years later that the Air Force finally set aside the reprimands, which haunted these men throughout their careers(Freeman Field Mutiny). And now many of the Tuskegee Airmen travel and talk about the unfair treatment they have received. See also{{Portal|United States Air Force}}
References1. ^
5 : 1922 births|2010 deaths|Tuskegee Airmen|University of Detroit Mercy alumni|United States Army Air Forces officers |
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