| 词条 | Abusir |
| 释义 |
|name = Abusir |native_name = |alternate_name = |image = |alt = |caption = |map_type = Egypt |map_alt = |map_size = 250 |location = Egypt |region = Cairo Governorate |coordinates = {{coord|29.9|31.2|display=inline}} |type = |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = |material = |built = |abandoned = |epochs = |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = |ownership = |management = |public_access = |website = |notes = }}{{Hiero | Busiri | Abusir ({{lang-ar|ابو صير}} {{IPA-arz|æbuˈsˤiːɾ}}; Egyptian pr wsjr; {{lang-cop|ⲃⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ}} {{transl|cop|busiri}}, "the House or Temple of Osiris"; {{lang-grc|Βούσιρις}}) is the name given to an Egyptian archaeological locality – specifically, an extensive necropolis of the Old Kingdom period, together with later additions – in the vicinity of the modern capital Cairo. The name is also that of a neighbouring village in the Nile Valley, whence the site takes its name. Abusir is located several kilometres north of Saqqara and, like it, served as one of the main elite cemeteries for the ancient Egyptian capital city of Memphis. Several other villages in northern and southern Egypt are named Abusir or Busiri. Abusir is one relatively small segment of the extensive "pyramid field" that extends from north of Giza to below Saqqara. The locality of Abusir took its turn as the focus of the prestigious western burial rites operating out of the then-capital of Memphis during the Old Kingdom 5th Dynasty. As an elite cemetery, neighbouring Giza had by then "filled up" with the massive pyramids and other monuments of the 4th Dynasty, leading the 5th Dynasty pharaohs to seek sites elsewhere for their own funerary monuments. Abusir was the origin of the largest find of Old Kingdom papyri to date — the Abusir Papyri. In the late nineteenth century, a number of Western museums acquired collections of fragmentary papyri from the administrative (temple) records of one Abusir funerary cult, that of king Neferirkare Kakai. This discovery was supplemented in the late twentieth century when excavations by a Czech expedition to the site revealed papyri from two other cult complexes, that of the pharaoh Neferefre (also read Raneferef) and for the king's mother Khentkaus II. The Czech Institute of Egyptology of the Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague has been conducting excavations at Abusir since 1976. They are presently directed by Miroslav Bárta. There are considerable catacombs near the ancient town of Busiris (Pliny xxxvi. 12. s. 16). To the south of Busiris one great cemetery appears to have stretched over the plain. The Heptanomite Busiris was in fact a hamlet standing at one extremity of the necropolis of Memphis. NecropolisThere are a total of 14 pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty; perhaps signalling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low quality local stone. All of the major pyramids at Abusir were built as step pyramids, although the largest of them — the Pyramid of Neferirkare — is believed to have originally been built as a step pyramid some seventy metres in height and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry. Major pyramidsThe three major pyramids are
Smaller pyramids
Mastabas of courtiersThe tombs of several high officials and family members are located in the direct vicinity of their king's pyramid:
Abusir-southDirectly north of Saqqara is a cemetery of lower-ranking officials of the Old Kingdom, including the following tombs:
Saite-Persian cemeteryOn a small hill directly south of the pyramid of Neferefre is a cemetery of tombs from the Saite period:
A templeAt Abusir were also found substantial remains of a Ramesside temple, perhaps built by Ramses II. The temple lies about 500 meters south east of the pyramids, close to the cultivation in the desert. The main building of the temple was built of limestone. There were three cellars, a small hall with 4 columns and a courtyard (with mudbrick walls) with 10 limestone columns. The limestone building was placed within a larger complex made of mud bricks with a pylon and magazines.[2] Site looting during 2011 protestsAbusir, Saqqara and Dahshur suffered damage by looters during the 2011 Egyptian protests. Part of the false door from the tomb of the priest Rahotep was stolen, and store rooms were broken into.[3][4] Systematic looting continues into 2013 with organized digging and destruction of tombs and mummies.[5] ClimateKöppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies it climate as hot desert (BWh),[6] as the rest of Egypt. {{Weather box|metric first=yes |single line=yes |location=Abusir |Jan high C=19.6 |Feb high C=21.2 |Mar high C=24.5 |Apr high C=29 |May high C=32.9 |Jun high C=35.3 |Jul high C=35.5 |Aug high C=35.2 |Sep high C=32.9 |Oct high C=30.7 |Nov high C=25.9 |Dec high C=21.4 |Jan mean C=13.5 |Feb mean C=14.5 |Mar mean C=17.5 |Apr mean C=21.1 |May mean C=24.8 |Jun mean C=27.5 |Jul mean C=28.4 |Aug mean C=28.3 |Sep mean C=26.2 |Oct mean C=24.1 |Nov mean C=19.8 |Dec mean C=15.4 |Jan low C=7.4 |Feb low C=7.9 |Mar low C=10.6 |Apr low C=13.3 |May low C=16.8 |Jun low C=19.8 |Jul low C=21.3 |Aug low C=21.4 |Sep low C=19.5 |Oct low C=17.5 |Nov low C=13.7 |Dec low C=9.4 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm=4 |Feb precipitation mm=3 |Mar precipitation mm=2 |Apr precipitation mm=1 |May precipitation mm=0 |Jun precipitation mm=0 |Jul precipitation mm=0 |Aug precipitation mm=0 |Sep precipitation mm=0 |Oct precipitation mm=0 |Nov precipitation mm=2 |Dec precipitation mm=4 |source 1= Climate-Data.org, altitude: 18m[6] }} See also{{commons category|Abusir}}
References1. ^1 2 Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). {{ISBN|0-8021-3935-3}} 2. ^M. Barta, L. Varadzin, J. Janák, J. Mynářová, V. Brúna: The temple of Ramesses II in Abusir, in Egyptian Archaeology, Spring 2018, 52, 10-14 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://egyptopaedia.com/2011/pyramid-fields/abusir | title=Egyptological Looting Database 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/bohyne-poradku-opustila-egypt-pise-archeolog-barta-z-expedice-p65-/zahranicni.asp?c=A110314_084459_domaci_jw | title=iDNES.cz}} 5. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ja-c9ayHyDg Disaster of Abusir: Government neglicence wastes an historical era (Arabic)] 6. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/478481/ |title=Climate: Abu Sir - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |accessdate=28 October 2013 }} External links{{Wikivoyage|Abusir}}
3 : Giza Governorate|Cities in ancient Egypt|Ruins in Egypt |
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