Taxonomy
Victor Fayod originally erected the genus with Pleurotus olearius and P. eryngii as its principal species in 1889,[1] placing it in a tribus ("alliance") with the genera Pleurotus and Pleurotellus.[5]
The relationships of the genus have become clearer with genetic analysis. Rolf Singer placed it and the related Lampteromyces in the Boletales due to the presence of the pigment variegatic acid. More specifically the genera were placed in the family Paxillaceae. However, it was found that fungi of the genus Omphalotus break down lignin while those of the genus Paxillus break down cellulose.[6]
Since then, the genera have been found to have a close relationship with the genus Nothopanus, and the whole group to lie within the agaric family Marasmiaceae.[6] The group has been classified in their own family Omphalotaceae.[2]
The type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) from Europe. Another eight species have been described. The seven species examined genetically form two clades. One is an illudens clade containing (O. illudens) of Europe and North America, and (O. mexicanus) from Central America. The other is an olearius clade containing O. olearius and the tsukiyotake (O. japonicus) from eastern Asia as sister species, and the western jack-o'-lantern (O. olivascens) and (O. subilludens).[6] Since the phylogeny was published, Omphalotus flagelliformis has been described from Yunnan Province in China, which is related to O. mexicanus and O. illudens.[10]
The generic name Omphalotus is derived from the Byzantine Greek ὀμϕαλοειδής, meaning "navel".[3]
Phylogeny
{{cladogram|align=left|title=
|clade={{clade
|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=O. olearius
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=O. olivascens var. olivascens
|2=O. olivascens var. indigo
|2=O. nidiformis }} }}
|2=O. japonicus
|2=O. subilludens
|2= O. illudens
|3= O. mexicanus
}}
|caption=Phylogeny and relationships of Omphalotus species based on ITS ribosomal DNA sequences.[6]
}}{{Clear}}Species
| Image | Name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|
| Omphalotus flagelliformis | Yunnan Province in southwestern China |
| Omphalotus guepiniformis | Russia |
| Omphalotus illudens | jack-o'lantern mushroom | eastern North America |
| Omphalotus japonicus | tsukiyotake | Korea, China, and far eastern Russia. |
| Omphalotus mexicanus | Mexico |
| Omphalotus nidiformis | ghost fungus | southwest Western Australia |
| Omphalotus olearius | jack-o'-lantern mushroom | Europe |
| Omphalotus olivascens | western jack-o'-lantern mushroom | California and Mexico. |
| Omphalotus subilludens | Eastern United States. |
|
Description
Fungi of this genus produce fleshy mushrooms with smooth or fibrous caps with gills and fleshy or fibrous stems growing in clumps on wood.[2] O. mexicanus has dark blue fruiting bodies tinted with yellow.[5]
Toxicity
Many members of the genus are known to be toxic, with consumption leading to gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting and at times diarrhea.[4] The toxic ingredient is a sesquiterpene compound known as illudin S.[5][6][7]
Distribution and ecology
The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, found in forests around the world.[2] Its species cause a white soft rot on dead wood as they break down lignin.
See also
{{portal|Fungi}}- List of Marasmiaceae genera
- List of bioluminescent fungi
References
1. ^{{cite journal |author=Fayod, Victor |title=Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés |journal=Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique |year=1889 |volume=9 |pages=181–411 (see p. 338) |issue=7 |language=French |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/Imagenes/P0044_S7_09/P0044_S7_09_0342.pdf |format=PDF}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Paul F. Cannon |author2=P. M. Kirk |author3=P. F. Cannon |title=Fungal Families of the World|publisher=CAB International|year=2007|pages=247–48|isbn=0851998275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw1VLSH1xnAC&pg=PA247}}
3. ^{{cite encyclopedia |title=omphaloid, adj. |encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/ |accessdate=2012-12-12 |edition=3rd |date=April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press}} {{subscription}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Joseph F. Ammirati|author2= Traquair|author3=James Alvin|author4=Paul A. Horgen|title=Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis, MN|year=1985|pages=290–91|isbn=0816614075|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhWbsGB7z4cC&pg=PA290}}
5. ^{{cite book |last=Benjamin| first= Denis R. |title=Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians |publisher=WH Freeman and Company| location=New York |year=1995| isbn=0-7167-2600-9|pages=366–67}}
6. ^{{cite journal|author=Nakanishi, K.|author2=Ohashi, M.|author3=Tada, M.|author4=Yamada, Y. |title=Illudin S (lampterol)|year=1965 |journal=Tetrahedron |volume=21 |pages=1231–1246 |doi=10.1016/0040-4020(65)80065-5}}
7. ^{{cite journal|author=Anchel, M.|author2=Herbey, A.|author3=Robbins, W.J. |title=Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. Clitocybe illudens |year=1950 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=300–305 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/36/5/300.full.pdf+html |doi=10.1073/pnas.36.5.300|pmc=1063187}}
8. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Earle, Franklin Sumner |title=The Genera of North American Gill Fungi |year=1906 |journal=Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden |volume=5 |pages=373–451 (see p. 432) |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31042604}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |author1=Kirchmair, Martin |author2=Morandell, Sandra |author3=Stolz, Daniela |author4=Pöder, Reinhold |author5=Sturmbauer |year=2004|title=Phylogeny of the Genus Omphalotus Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA-sequences |journal=Mycologia |volume = 96 |issue=6 |pages=1253–60 |url=http://www.mycologia.org/content/96/6/1253.full |doi=10.2307/3762142 |pmid=21148949}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author1=Petersen, Ronald H. |author2=Hughes, Karen W. |year=1997 |title=Mating systems in Omphalotus (Paxillaceae, Agaricales) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=211 |issue=3–4 |pages=217–29 |issn=0378-2697 |doi=10.1007/bf00985360}}
11. ^1 {{cite web |title=Omphalotus Fayod |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=57045&Fields=All |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2012-12-12}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Yang ZL, Feng B |title=The genus Omphalotus (Omphalotaceae) in China |journal=Mycosystema |year=2013 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=545–56 |issn=1672-6472 |url=http://groups.kib.cas.cn/klpb/yzl/tnh_fblw/201311/P020140126481156955463.pdf}}