| 词条 | Onchidiidae |
| 释义 |
| image = Onchidella.jpg | image_caption = A live but partially retracted individual of Onchidella sp. | image2 = Onchidella nigricans.png | image2_caption = A live and active individual of Onchidella nigricans | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Mollusca | classis = Gastropoda | unranked_superfamilia = clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Eupulmonata clade Systellommatophora | superfamilia = Onchidioidea | superfamilia_authority =Rafinesque, 1815 | familia = Onchidiidae | familia_authority = Rafinesque, 1815[1] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text | synonyms =
}} Onchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) slugs. They are shell-less marine (except for 2 species)[2] pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea. These animals are quite unusual in that they are emphatically not opisthobranchs with gills, as are almost all of the sea slugs. Instead these creatures are pulmonates. They are more closely related to air-breathing land and freshwater snails and slugs than they are to most other sea snails and sea slugs. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). 143 species names were created within the Onchidiidae,[2] but until recently few species could be identified. In the late 1920's Hoffmann revised the family (based on the descriptions), and classified the described species into genera.[3] Labbé later continued the revision and named many new genera in his classification of onchidiid slugs.[4] Labbé also made mistakes in describing the anatomy of some species,[5] and the Onchidiidae was not revised again for over 80 years. Finally, in 2016, the genus Onchidium was revised based on natural history, comparative anatomy, and DNA sequences.[6] This was followed by a revision of the genus Onchidina, and the descriptions of onchidiid species in several new genera.[7][8][9][5] AnatomyAdult onchidiids lack a shell, although a shell[10] and operculum is present at the larval stage. The mantle cavity is reduced to the point of absence, correlating with a loss of gills, raphes, and other characters usually found in the mantle cavity. The organism is completely detorted.[11] Slugs in this family make and use love darts made of chitin.[12] GeneticsIn this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 16 and 20 (according to the values in this table).[13] HabitatMost of the species in this family are marine and are found in the intertidal zone. Many species live on rocky coasts, while others live in mangrove forests which may be marine or brackish.[6] Onchidium stuxbergi (as E. ajuthiae, synonym in literature) was previously described as being collected from fresh water, but recent research has shown that the species has only been collected from brackish water.[6] Remarkably, some onchidiid species are completely terrestrial.[14] Semperoncis montana (synonym in literature: Platevindex apoikistes and Semperella montana) and Platevindex ponsonbyi are the only known terrestrial species in the Onchidiidae.[2] They live in high-elevation rainforests in Borneo and the Philippines.[2] Life habitsAll these slugs breathe air. The marine ones breathe and move around and feed during low tide, when the water recedes and the slugs are exposed to the air. GeneraGenera in the family Onchidiidae include:[15]
References1. ^Rafinesque C. S. (1815). Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palerme, 223 pp., page 142. 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|author=Dayrat B.|year=2009|title=Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2068|pages=1–26}}, preview. 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=H.|date=1928|title=Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden|url=|journal=Zoologische Jahrbücher(Jena)|volume=55|pages=29–118|via=}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Labbé|first=A.|date=1934|title=Les Silicodermés (Labbé) du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Première partie: Classification, formes nouvelles ou peu connues|url=|journal=Annales de l'Institut Océanographique de Monaco |volume=14|pages=73–246|via=}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Goulding|first=Tricia C. |last2=Khalil |first2=Munawar |last3=Tan |first3=Shau Hwai |last4=Dayrat|first4=Benoît|date=2018-06-04|title=Integrative taxonomy of a new and highly-diverse genus of onchidiid slugs from the Coral Triangle (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/21252/|journal=ZooKeys|volume=763|issue=763 |pages=1–111|doi=10.3897/zookeys.763.21252|pmid=29896045 |pmc=5996013 |issn=1313-2970}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Dayrat|first=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|last3=Apte|first3=Deepak|last4=Bhave|first4=Vishal|last5=Comendador|first5=Joseph|last6=Quang|first6=Ngô Xuân|last7=Tan|first7=Siong Kiat|last8=Tan|first8=Shau Hwai|date=2016-11-24|title=Integrative taxonomy of the genus Onchidium Buchannan, 1800 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae) |journal=ZooKeys|volume=636|issue=636|pages=1–40|doi=10.3897/zookeys.636.8879 |pmc=5126514 |pmid=27917062}} 7. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Goulding|first=Tricia|last2=Khalil|first2=Munawar|last3=Tan|first3=Shau Hwai|last4=Dayrat|first4=Benoit|date=2018|title=A new genus and a new species of onchidiid slugs from eastern Indonesia (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)|url=|journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|volume=66|pages=337–349|via=}} 8. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Dayrat|first=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|last3=Apte|first3=Deepak|last4=Bhave|first4=Vishal|last5=Ngô Xuân|first5=Quảng|date=2017-07-27|title=A new genus and four new species of onchidiid slugs from South-East Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae)|journal=Journal of Natural History|volume=51|issue=31–32|pages=1851–1897|doi=10.1080/00222933.2017.1347297|issn=0022-2933}} 9. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Dayrat|first=Benoît|last2=Goulding|first2=Tricia C.|date=2017-06-29|title=Systematics of the onchidiid slug Onchidina australis (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata)|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/archmoll/detail/146/87641/Systematics_of_the_onchidiid_slug_Onchidina_austra?af=crossref|journal=Archiv für Molluskenkunde International Journal of Malacology|volume=146|pages=121–133|doi=10.1127/arch.moll/146/121-133}} 10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=YM_OqfVV_ygC&pg=PA220&lpg=PA220&dq=onchidiid+larvae+shell#v=onepage&q=onchidiid%20larvae%20shell&f=false|title=Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates V4: Molluscs: Gastropods and Cephalopods|last=Berry|first=A.J.|publisher=|isbn=9780323153058|editor-last=Giese|editor-first=A|location=|pages=220|date=2012-12-02}} 11. ^{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hbqVv5r3FgsC&pg=PA719 | title = The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China III___ Fouling and pollution, morphology, behavious and physiology, Hoi Ha Wan | publisher = Hong Kong University Press | isbn = 978-962-209-295-2 | author1 = Morton, Brian | year = 1992}} 12. ^Chung D. J. D.: Molluscan 'Love darts'? Hawaiian Shell News, 1986 May, Vol 34(5), pages 3-4. http://s190418054.onlinehome.us/HSN/1980/8605.pdf{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 13. ^Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlvX-9Wt0toC&hl The biology of terrestrial molluscs]. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, {{ISBN|0-85199-318-4}}. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142. 14. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Dayrat|first=Benoît|date=January 2010|title=Anatomical Re-Description of the Terrestrial Onchidiid SlugSemperoncis montana(Plate, 1893)|journal=Malacologia|volume=52|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.4002/040.052.0101|issn=0076-2997}} 15. ^World Register of Marine Species : Onchidiidae; accessed 13 September 2010 (with modifications). 16. ^{{ITIS |id=78761 |taxon=Onchidella}}, accessed 13 September 2010. 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=424032|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Platevindex H. B. Baker, 1938|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2018-07-18}} Further reading
External links
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