| 词条 | Opal Creek Wilderness |
| 释义 |
| name = Opal Creek Wilderness | iucn_category = Ib | photo = Opal creek old growth 2.JPG | photo_caption = Old growth in Opal Creek Wilderness | location = Marion / Clackamas counties, Oregon, United States[1] | nearest_city = Detroit, Oregon | coordinates = {{coord|44|50|48.14|N|122|12|32.79|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|20746|acre}}[2] | established = September 30, 1996 | governing_body = United States Forest Service }} The Opal Creek Wilderness is a wilderness area located in the Willamette National Forest in the U.S. state of Oregon, on the border of the Mount Hood National Forest. It has the largest uncut watershed in Oregon.[3] Opal Creek and nearby Opal Lake were named for Opal Elliott, wife of early Forest Service ranger Roy Elliott.[4] Geography and ecologyThe {{convert|20746|acre|sing=on}} Opal Creek Wilderness is adjacent to a designated "scenic recreation area" of {{convert|13538|acre}}, creating a nearly {{convert|35000|acre|adj=on}} protected area.[2][5] In addition, the {{convert|36870|acre|adj=on}} Bull of the Woods Wilderness in the Mount Hood National Forest shares its southern boundary with the Opal Creek Wilderness.[6] The Opal Creek Valley contains 50 waterfalls and five lakes. Eight hiking trails, remnants of the early day prospecting and fire access routes, total {{convert|36|mi|km}}.[7] The valley forms the largest intact stand of old-growth forest in the western Cascades, and 500- to 1000-year-old trees are common. The most abundant trees are Douglas fir, Pacific silver fir, and western hemlock. Common hardwoods include bigleaf maple and red alder. Understory vegetation includes huckleberry, vine maple and rhododendron.[8] HistoryThe wilderness was designated on September 30, 1996, after a nearly 20-year battle to protect the area from logging and mining. In 1980, the District Ranger of the Detroit Ranger District, Dave Alexander, vowed to "cut Opal Creek." By late 1981, clearcut boundary markers were placed. Lawsuits were filed, Wild and Scenic Rivers were designated, and multiple bills to protect the area failed, including an attempt to make it a state park. When books and photo essays were published in the early 1990s, national attention was brought to the area.[9] Finally, in 1996, after working with all stakeholders, including environmental groups, local communities and representatives of the timber industry, to draft consensus legislation, United States Senator Mark Hatfield obtained passage of expansive legislation to protect Opal Creek.[10][11] See also
References1. ^{{cite map|url=http://www.wilderness.net/map.cfm?xmin=-13620070.6156&ymin=5587297.1223&xmax=-13595619.3033&ymax=5606007.9413|title=U.S. National Wilderness Preservation System Map|publisher=Wilderness.net|accessdate=2014-07-28}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.wilderness.net/NWPS/wildView?WID=429|title=Opal Creek Wilderness|publisher=Wilderness.net|accessdate=2015-09-17}} 3. ^{{cite web | url = http://cranberryhouse.biz/Cranberry%20Web%20070502/Opal%20Creek%20Wilderness.html | title = Opal Creek Wilderness | publisher = The Cranberry House | accessdate = 2007-08-20}} 4. ^{{cite book | last = McArthur | first = Lewis A. | authorlink = |author2=Lewis L. McArthur | title = Oregon Geographic Names | origyear = 1928 | edition = Seventh | year = 2003 | page = | publisher = Oregon Historical Society Press | location = Portland, Oregon | isbn = 0-87595-277-1 }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/willamette/recarea/?recid=4212|title=Opal Creek Scenic Recreation Area|publisher=U.S. Forest Service|accessdate=2015-09-17}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wilderness.net/NWPS/wildView?WID=87|title=Bull of the Woods Wilderness|publisher=Wilderness.net|accessdate=2015-09-17}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/willamette/recarea/?recid=4211|title=Opal Creek Wilderness|publisher=U.S. Forest Service|accessdate=2015-09-17}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/generalinfo/willamette/recreation/generalinfo/?groupid=19753&recid=4211|title=Opal Creek Wilderness: Overview/Background|publisher=U.S. Forest Service|accessdate=2015-09-17}} 9. ^{{cite book | url = https://www.amazon.com/Showdown-Opal-Creek-Americas-Wilderness/dp/0881848670 | title = Showdown at Opal Creek: The Battle for America's Last Wilderness | author = David Seideman | date = June 1993 | publisher = Carroll & Graf | isbn = 978-0-88184-867-0}} 10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.alternativesmagazine.com/01/donnelly.html | title = Opal Creek Preserved | author = Michael Donnelly | work = Alternatives | publisher = Get Real Inc. | date = Spring 1997 | accessdate = 2007-08-20}} 11. ^{{cite speech |title=Hatfield Recounts Final Negotiation to Protect Opal Creek |last=Hatfield |first=Mark O. |author-link=Mark_Hatfield |event=Opal Creek 5th Anniversary Luncheon |location=Portland, OR |date=February 5, 2004 |url=http://www.opalcreek.org/hatfield-recounts-final-negotiation-to-protect-opal-creek/ |access-date=2016-12-27}} External links{{Commons category}}
7 : Protected areas of Clackamas County, Oregon|Protected areas of Marion County, Oregon|Wilderness Areas of Oregon|Old growth forests|Willamette National Forest|1996 establishments in Oregon|Protected areas established in 1996 |
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