| 词条 | Operation Fiery Vigil | |||||
| 释义 |
|name =Operation Fiery Vigil |partof = |image = |caption =United States military dependents board {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72}} in the aftermath of the eruption |scope = |type = |location =Philippines |coordinates = |map_type = |latitude = |longitude = |map_size = |map_caption = |map_label = |planned = |planned_by = |objective =Evacuation of American military and civilian personnel from Clark Air Base and U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay |target = |date =June 1991 |time = |time-begin = |time-end = |timezone = |executed_by ={{flag|United States|23px}} |outcome =Successful operation |casualties = |fatalities = |injuries = }}Operation Fiery Vigil was the emergency evacuation of all non-essential military and United States Department of Defense civilian personnel and their dependents from Clark Air Base and U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay during the June 1991 volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. This noncombatant evacuation operation (NEO) resulted in the transfer of roughly 20,000 people from Clark Air Base and U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay back to CONUS, by way of Cebu, Philippines. The Commanding General, 13th USAF, was in command of the Joint Task Force.[1] Timeline of events
AftermathThe 1991 Plinian/Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo was the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century (surpassed only by the 1912 eruption of Novarupta), and the largest eruption in living memory. The eruption produced high-speed pyroclastic flows, giant lahars, and a cloud of volcanic ash hundreds of miles across.[2] 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide[6] and roughly {{convert|11|km3|cumi|1|sp=us}} of tephra[7][8] are estimated to have been ejected in total, which corresponds to a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6. By contrast, roughly 4 km3 of material was ejected in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens; this corresponds to a VEI of 5.[10] Very few of the estimated 20,000 who left the base ever returned. The vast majority were evacuated to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam and processed for return to the continental United States. This figure includes approximately 5,000 who were evacuated to Cebu City on the {{USS|Midway|CV-41}}, {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72}}, {{USS|Long Beach|CGN-9}}, {{USS|Peleliu|LHA-5}}, {{USS|Arkansas|CGN-41}}, USS Gary (FFG-51), USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG-60), USS Lake Champlain (CG-57) and seventeen other U.S. Navy ships of the task force.
GallerySee also
References1. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Judy Fierstein|author2=Wes Hildreth|title=Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 00–0489|publisher=United States Geological Survey|year=2001|url=http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of00-489/|accessdate=13 January 2011}} [1][2][3][4][5][6]2. ^1 {{cite web|author=Global Security.org|title=Operation Fiery Vigil|work=|publisher=Global Security.org|location=|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/fiery_vigil.htm|accessdate=13 January 2011}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last=Harris|first=SL|authorlink=Stephen L. Harris|title=Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes|edition=3rd|series=Roadside Geology Series|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company|location=Missoula, Montana|year=2005|page=211|isbn=978-0-87842-220-3|url=}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|author=Global Volcanism Program|title=Large Holocene Eruptions|work=|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington, D.C.|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm|accessdate=13 January 2011}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|vauthors=Robock A, Ammann CM, Oman L, Shindell D, Levis S, Stenchikov G |title=Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k B.P. produce widespread glaciation?|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|year=2009|volume=114|issue=|pages=D10107|doi=10.1029/2008JD011652|url=|bibcode=2009JGRD..11410107R}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|vauthors=Newhall C, Hendley II JW, Stauffer PH |title=The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines|work=U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|location=Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington|year=2005|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/|accessdate=13 January 2011}} }} External links
6 : Non-combat military operations involving the United States|United States military in the Philippines|Evacuations|United States Marine Corps in the 20th century|History of Pampanga|History of Zambales |
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