| 词条 | Douglas A-1 Skyraider | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Douglas A-1 Skyraider (formerly AD Skyraider) is an American single-seat attack aircraft that saw service between the late 1940s and early 1980s. The Skyraider had a remarkably long and successful career; it became a piston-powered, propeller-driven anachronism in the jet age, and was nicknamed "Spad", after the French World War I fighter.[2] It was operated by the United States Navy (USN), the United States Marine Corps (USMC), and the United States Air Force (USAF), and also saw service with the British Royal Navy, the French Air Force, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (VNAF), and others. It remained in U.S. service until the early 1970s. Design and developmentThe piston-engined Skyraider was designed during World War II to meet United States Navy requirements for a carrier-based, single-seat, long-range, high performance dive/torpedo bomber, to follow-on from earlier types such as the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver and Grumman TBF Avenger.[3] Designed by Ed Heinemann of the Douglas Aircraft Company, prototypes were ordered on 6 July 1944 as the XBT2D-1. The XBT2D-1 made its first flight on 18 March 1945 and in April 1945, the USN began evaluation of the aircraft at the Naval Air Test Center (NATC).[4] In December 1946, after a designation change to AD-1, delivery of the first production aircraft to a fleet squadron was made to VA-19A.[5] The AD-1 was built at Douglas' El Segundo plant in Southern California. In his memoir The Lonely Sky, test pilot Bill Bridgeman describes the routine yet sometimes hazardous work of certifying AD-1s fresh off the assembly line at a rate of two aircraft per day for delivery to the U.S. Navy in 1949 and 1950.[6] The low-wing monoplane design started with a Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone radial engine, later upgraded several times. Its distinctive feature was large straight wings with seven hard points apiece. The Skyraider possessed excellent low-speed maneuverability. It carried a large amount of ordnance over a considerable combat radius. Further, it had a long loiter time for its size, compared to much heavier subsonic or supersonic jets. The aircraft was optimized for the ground-attack mission and was armored against ground fire in key locations, unlike faster fighters adapted to carry bombs, such as the Vought F4U Corsair or North American P-51 Mustang, which were retired by U.S. forces before the 1960s. Shortly after Heinemann began design of the XBT2D-1, a study was issued that showed for every {{convert|100|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of weight reduction, the takeoff run was decreased by {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}}, the combat radius increased by {{convert|22|mi|km|abbr=on}} and the rate-of-climb increased by {{convert|18|ft/min|m/s|abbr=on}}. Heinemann immediately had his design engineers begin a program for finding weight-saving on the XBT2D-1 design, no matter how small. Simplifying the fuel system resulted in a reduction of {{convert|270|lb|kg|abbr=on}}; {{convert|200|lb|kg|abbr=on}} by eliminating an internal bomb bay and hanging the bombs, drop tanks and rockets from the wings or fuselage; {{convert|70|lb|kg|abbr=on}} by using a fuselage dive brake; and {{convert|100|lb|kg|abbr=on}} by using an older tailwheel design. In the end, Heinemann and his design engineers achieved more than {{convert|1800|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of weight reduction on the original XBT2D-1 design.[7] The Navy AD series was initially painted in ANA 623 Glossy Sea Blue, but during the 1950s following the Korean War, the color scheme was changed to light gull grey (Fed Std 595 26440) and white (Fed Std 595 27875). Initially using the gray and white Navy pattern, by 1967 the USAF began to paint its Skyraiders in a camouflaged pattern using two shades of green, and one of tan. Used by the USN over Korea and Vietnam, the A-1 was a primary close air support aircraft for the USAF and VNAF during the Vietnam War. The A-1 was famous for being able to take hits and keep flying. There was added armor plating around the cockpit area for added pilot protection. It was replaced beginning in the mid-1960s by the Grumman A-6 Intruder as the Navy's primary medium-attack plane in supercarrier-based air wings; however Skyraiders continued to operate from the smaller Essex-class aircraft carriers. The Skyraider went through seven versions, starting with the AD-1, then AD-2 and AD-3 with various minor improvements, then the AD-4 with a more powerful R-3350-26WA engine. The AD-5 was significantly widened, allowing two crew to sit side-by-side (this was not the first multiple-crew variant, the AD-1Q being a two-seater and the AD-3N a three-seater); it also came in a four-seat night-attack version, the AD-5N. The AD-6 was an improved AD-4B with improved low-level bombing equipment, and the final production version AD-7 was upgraded to a R-3350-26WB engine. For service in Vietnam, USAF Skyraiders were fitted with the Stanley Yankee extraction system,[8] which acted in a similar manner to an ejection seat, though with twin rockets extracting pilot from the cockpit. In addition to serving during Korea and Vietnam as an attack aircraft, the Skyraider was modified to serve as a carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft, replacing the Grumman TBM-3W Avenger. It fulfilled this function in the USN and Royal Navy, being replaced by the Grumman E-1 Tracer and Fairey Gannet, respectively, in those services.[9] Skyraider production ended in 1957 with a total of 3,180 having been built. In 1962, the existing Skyraiders were redesignated A-1D through A-1J and later used by both the USAF and the Navy in the Vietnam War. Operational historyKorean WarThe Skyraider was produced too late to take part in World War II, but became the backbone of United States Navy aircraft carrier and United States Marine Corps strike aircraft sorties in the Korean War (1950–1953), with the first ADs going into action from {{USS|Valley Forge|CV-45|2}} with VA-55 on 3 July 1950.[9] Its weapons load and 10-hour flying time far surpassed the jets that were available at the time.[10] On 2 May 1951, Skyraiders made the only aerial torpedo attack of the war, hitting the Hwacheon Dam, then controlled by North Korea.[11] On 16 June 1953, a USMC AD-4 from VMC-1 piloted by Major George H. Linnemeier and CWO Vernon S. Kramer shot down a Soviet-built Polikarpov Po-2 biplane, the only documented Skyraider air victory of the war.[12] AD-3N and -4N aircraft carrying bombs and flares flew night-attack sorties, and radar-equipped ADs carried out radar-jamming missions from carriers and land bases.[10] During the Korean War, AD Skyraiders were flown only by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps, and were normally painted in dark navy blue. It was called the "Blue Plane" by enemy troops.[13] Marine Corps Skyraiders suffered heavy losses when used in low-level close-support missions. To allow low-level operations to continue without unacceptable losses, a package of additional armor was fitted, consisting of {{convert|0.25|-|0.5|in|mm}} thick external aluminum armor plates fitted to the underside and sides of the aircraft's fuselage. The armor package weighed a total of {{convert|618|lb|kg}} and had little effect on performance or handling.[14] A total of 128 Navy and Marine AD Skyraiders were lost in the Korean War – 101 in combat and 27 to operational causes. Most operational losses were due to the tremendous power of the AD. ADs that were "waved-off" during carrier recovery operations were prone to perform a fatal torque roll into the sea or the deck of the aircraft carrier if the pilot mistakenly gave the AD too much throttle. The torque of the engine was so great that it would cause the aircraft to rotate about the propeller and slam into the sea or the carrier. Cathay Pacific VR-HEU incidentOn 26 July 1954, two Douglas Skyraiders from the aircraft carriers {{USS|Philippine Sea|CV-47|6}} and {{USS|Hornet|CV-12|2}} shot down two Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force La-11s off the coast of Hainan Island while searching for survivors after the shooting down of a Cathay Pacific Skymaster airliner three days previously, by La-9s.[15] Vietnam WarAs American involvement in the Vietnam War began, the A-1 Skyraider was still the medium attack aircraft in many carrier air wings, although it was planned to be replaced by the A-6A Intruder as part of the general switch to jet aircraft. Skyraiders from {{USS|Constellation|CV-64|2}} and {{USS|Ticonderoga|CV-14|2}} participated in the first U.S. Navy strikes against North Vietnam on 5 August 1964 as part of Operation Pierce Arrow in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, striking against fuel depots at Vinh, with one Skyraider from Ticonderoga damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and a second from Constellation shot down, killing its pilot.[16][17] During the war, U.S. Navy Skyraiders shot down two North Vietnamese Air Force (NVAF) Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 jet fighters: one on 20 June 1965, a victory shared by Lieutenant Clinton B. Johnson and LTJG Charles W. Hartman III of VA-25;[18] and one on 9 October 1966 by LTJG William T. Patton of VA-176.[12] Using their cannons, this was the first gun kill of the Vietnam War. While on his very first mission, Navy pilot LTJG Dieter Dengler took damage to his A-1H over Vietnam on 1 February 1966, and crash-landed in Laos.[19] As they were released from U.S. Navy service, Skyraiders were introduced into the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF). Skyraiders were also used by Air Force Special Operations Command for search and rescue air cover. They were also used by the USAF to perform one of the Skyraider's most famous roles — the "Sandy" helicopter escort on combat rescues.[20][21] On 10 March 1966, USAF Major Bernard F. Fisher flew an A-1E mission and was awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing Major "Jump" Myers at A Shau Special Forces Camp.[22] USAF Colonel William A. Jones III piloted an A-1H on 1 September 1968 mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. In that mission, despite damage to his aircraft and suffering serious burns, he returned to his base and reported the position of a downed U.S. airman.[22] After November 1972, all A-1s in U.S. service in Southeast Asia were transferred to the RVNAF. The Skyraider in Vietnam pioneered the concept of tough, survivable aircraft with long loiter times and large ordnance loads. The USAF lost 201 Skyraiders to all causes in Southeast Asia, while the Navy lost 65 to all causes. Of the 266 lost A-1s, five were shot down by surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), and three were shot down in air-to-air combat; two by North Vietnamese MiG-17s.[23] On the night of 29 August 1964, the first A-1E Skyraider was shot down and the pilot killed near Bien Hoa Air Base; it was flown by Capt. Richard D. Goss from the 1st Air Commando Squadron, 34th Tactical Group. The second A-1 was shot down on 31 March 1965 piloted by USN LTJG Gerald W. McKinley from the USS Hancock on a bombing run over North Vietnam. He was reported missing, presumed dead. The third A-1 was shot down on 29 April 1966, and Pilot Capt. Grant N. Tabor, was lost on 19 April 1967; both were from the 602 Air Commando Squadron. The fifth A-1 Skyraider was from Navy Squadron VA-25 flying a ferry flight from Naval Air Station Cubi Point (Philippines) to {{USS|Coral Sea|CV-43|6}} and was lost to two Chinese MiG-17 on 14 February 1968. Lieutenant (j.g.) Joseph P. Dunn, USN, had flown too close to the Chinese island of Hainan, and had been intercepted. Lieutenant Dunn's A-1H Skyraider 134499 (Canasta 404) was the last U.S. Navy A-1 lost in the war. He was observed to survive the ejection and deploy his raft, but was never found. Initially listed as MIA, he is now listed as KIA and posthumously promoted to the rank of Commander. Shortly thereafter, A-1 Skyraider naval squadrons transitioned to the A-6 Intruder, A-7 Corsair II or Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} In contrast to the Korean War, fought a decade earlier, the U.S. Air Force used the naval A-1 Skyraider for the first time in Vietnam. As the Vietnam War progressed, USAF A-1s were painted in camouflage, while USN A-1 Skyraiders were gray/white in color; again, in contrast to the Korean War, when A-1s were painted dark blue. In October 1965, to highlight the dropping of the six millionth pound of ordnance, Commander Clarence J. Stoddard of VA-25, flying an A-1H, dropped a special, one-time-only object in addition to his other munitions – a toilet.[24] Republic of Vietnam Air ForceThe A-1 Skyraider was the close air support workhorse of the RVNAF for much of the Vietnam War. The U.S. Navy began to transfer some of its Skyraiders to the RVNAF in September 1960, replacing the RVNAF's older Grumman F8F Bearcats. By 1962 the RVNAF had 22 of the aircraft in its inventory,[25] and by 1968 an additional 131 aircraft had been received. Initially Navy aviators and crews were responsible for training their South Vietnamese counterparts on the aircraft, but over time responsibility was gradually transferred to the USAF. The initial trainees were selected from among RVNAF Bearcat pilots who had accumulated 800 to 1200 hours flying time. They were trained at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas, and then sent to NAS Lemoore, California for further training. Navy pilots and crews in Vietnam checked out the Skyraiders that were being transferred to the RVNAF, and conducted courses for RVNAF ground crews.[26] Over the course of the war, the RVNAF acquired a total of 308 Skyraiders, and was operating six A-1 squadrons by the end of 1965. These were reduced during the period of Vietnamization from 1968 to 1972, as the U.S. began to supply the South Vietnamese with more modern close air support aircraft, such as the Cessna A-37 and Northrop F-5, and at the beginning of 1968, only three of its squadrons were flying A-1s.[27] As the U.S. ended its direct involvement in the war, it transferred the remainder of its Skyraiders to the South Vietnamese, and by 1973, all remaining Skyraiders in U.S. inventories had been turned over to the RVNAF.[28] Unlike their American counterparts, whose combat tours were generally limited to 12 months, individual South Vietnamese Skyraider pilots ran up many thousands of combat hours in the A-1, and many senior RVNAF pilots were extremely skilled in the operation of the aircraft.[29] United KingdomThe Royal Navy acquired 50 AD-4W early warning aircraft in 1951 through the Military Assistance Program. All Skyraider AEW.1s were operated by 849 Naval Air Squadron, which provided four-plane detachments for the British carriers. One flight aboard {{HMS|Bulwark|R08|6}} took part in the Suez Crisis in 1956. 778 Naval Air Squadron was responsible for the training of the Skyraider crews at RNAS Culdrose.[30] In 1960, the Fairey Gannet AEW.3 replaced the Skyraiders, using the APS-20 radar of the Douglas aircraft. The last British Skyraiders were retired in 1962.[30] In the late 1960s, the APS-20 radars from the Skyraiders were installed in Avro Shackleton AEW.2s of the Royal Air Force which were finally retired in 1991. SwedenFourteen British AEW.1 Skyraiders were sold to Sweden to be used by Svensk Flygtjänst AB between 1962 and 1976. All military equipment was removed and the aircraft were used as target tugs with the Swedish armed forces.[30] FranceThe French Air Force bought 20 ex-USN AD-4s as well as 88 ex-USN AD-4Ns and five ex-USN AD-4NAs with the former three-seaters modified as single-seat aircraft with removal of the radar equipment and the two operator stations from the rear fuselage. The AD-4N/NAs were initially acquired in 1956 to replace aging Republic P-47 Thunderbolts in Algeria.[31] The Skyraiders were first ordered in 1956 and the first was handed over to the French Air Force on 6 February 1958 after being overhauled and fitted with some French equipment by Sud-Aviation. The aircraft were used until the end of the Algerian war. The aircraft were used by the 20e Escadre de Chasse (EC 1/20 "Aures Nementcha", EC 2/20 "Ouarsenis" and EC 3/20 "Oranie") and EC 21 in the close air support role armed with rockets, bombs and napalm. The Skyraiders had only a short career in Algeria, but they nonetheless proved to be the most successful of all the ad hoc COIN aircraft deployed by the French. The Skyraider remained in limited French service until the 1970s.[31] They were heavily involved in the civil war in Chad, at first with the Armée de l'Air, and later with a nominally independent Chadian Air Force staffed by French mercenaries. The aircraft also operated under the French flag in Djibouti and on the island of Madagascar. When France at last relinquished the Skyraiders it passed the survivors on to client states, including Gabon, Chad, Cambodia and the Central African Republic.[32] (several aircraft from Gabon and Chad have been recovered recently by French warbird enthusiasts and entered on the French civil register). The French frequently used the aft station to carry maintenance personnel, spare parts and supplies to forward bases. In Chad they even used the aft station for a "bombardier" and his "special stores" – empty beer bottles – as these were considered as non-lethal weapons, thus not breaking the government-imposed rules of engagement, during operations against Libyan-supported rebels in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Variants
Operators{{Main|List of Douglas A-1 Skyraider operators}}
Surviving aircraft{{Main|List of surviving Douglas A-1 Skyraiders}}Specifications (A-1H Skyraider){{Aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920[33] |crew=One |length main=38 ft 10 in |length alt=11.84 m |span main=50 ft 0¼ in |span alt=15.25 m |height main=15 ft 8¼ in |height alt=4.78 m |area main=400.3 ft² |area alt=37.19 m² |empty weight main=11,968 lb |empty weight alt=5,429 kg |loaded weight main= 18,106 lb |loaded weight alt= 8,213 kg |max takeoff weight main=25,000 lb |max takeoff weight alt=11,340 kg |engine (prop)=Wright R-3350-26WA |type of prop=radial engine |number of props=1 |power main=2,700 hp |power alt=2,000 kW |max speed main=322 mph |max speed alt=280 kn, 518 km/h |max speed more=at 18,000 ft (5,500 m) |cruise speed main=198 mph |cruise speed alt=172 kn, 319 km/h |range main=1,316 mi |range alt=1,144 nmi, 2,115 km |ceiling main=28,500 ft |ceiling alt=8,685 m |climb rate main=2,850 ft/min |climb rate alt=14.5 m/s |loading main=45 lb/ft² |loading alt=220 kg/m² |power/mass main=0.15 hp/lb |power/mass alt=250 W/kg |guns= 4 × 20 mm (0.79 in) AN/M3 autocannon with 200 rounds per gun |hardpoint capacity= 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) |hardpoints=15 external hardpoints |hardpoint other= bombs, torpedoes, mine dispensers, unguided rockets, and gun pods.[24] }} NamingThe A-1 Skyraider received various nicknames including: "Spad" and "Super Spad" (derived from the aircraft's AD designation, its relative longevity in service and an allusion to the "Spad" aircraft of World War I), "Able Dog" (phonetic AD), "the Destroyer", "Hobo" (radio call sign of the US Air Force's 1st Air Commando/1st Special Operations Squadron), "Firefly" (a call sign of the 602nd ACS/SOS), "Zorro" (the call sign of the 22nd SOS), "The Big Gun", "Old Faithful", "Old Miscellaneous", "Fat Face" (AD-5/A-1E version, side-by-side seating), "Guppy" (AD-5W version), "Q-Bird" or "Queer Bird" (AD-1Q/AD-5Q versions), "Flying Dumptruck" (A-1E), "Sandy" (the 602nd ACS/SOS call sign for Combat Search And Rescue helicopter escort), and "Crazy Water Buffalo" (South Vietnamese nickname).[34]{{Failed verification|date=November 2017}} Notable appearances in media{{Main|Aircraft in fiction#A-1 Skyraider}}See also{{Aircontent|related=
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
|see also= }} ReferencesNotes1. ^Thornburg, Chris. "World Air Forces – Historical Listings: Gabon (GAB)." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704233433/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/gabon/gab.html |date=July 4, 2011 }} WorldAirForces.Com, 3 December 2006. Retrieved: 24 March 2011. 2. ^Burgess and Rausa 2009, p. 7. 3. ^Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, p. 33, Cypress, Calif., 2013. {{ISBN|978-0989790604}}. 4. ^Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 176. 5. ^Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 177. 6. ^Bridgeman and Hazard 1955, pp. 38–40. 7. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=zdwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=true#v=onepage&q=true&f=true "Headaches of a Jet Designer."] Popular Mechanics, January 1953, pp. 81–85, 248. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ejectionsite.com/yankee.htm|title=The Ejection Site: Stanley YANKEE Extraction System|author=|date=|website=www.ejectionsite.com|access-date=27 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020110065229/http://www.ejectionsite.com/yankee.htm|archivedate=10 January 2002|df=}} 9. ^Mersky 1983, p. 144. 10. ^1 2 Johnson, E.R. "Able Dog." Aviation History, September 2008. 11. ^Faltum 1996, pp. 125–126. 12. ^1 Grossnick and Armstrong 1997 13. ^Jordan, Corey C. "Douglas AD-4 Skyraider." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903132604/http://www.airwaroverkorea.totalh.com/AD-4.html |date=2011-09-03 }} A Frozen Hell... The Air War Over Korea, 1950–1953, 2001. Retrieved: 14 July 2011. 14. ^De Vine, Carl R. [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/naval-aviation/Naval%20Aviation%20News/1950/pdf/may53.pdf#35 "Aluminum Armor Protects AD's"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126220056/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/naval-aviation/Naval%20Aviation%20News/1950/pdf/may53.pdf |date=2017-01-26 }}. Naval Aviation News, May 1953, p. 33. 15. ^" Air Clash off Hainan." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219093825/http://www.helianthus-productions.com/aircombat.html |date=December 19, 2008 }} South China Morning Post, 27 July 1954. 16. ^Dorr Air Enthusiast 1988, p. 3. 17. ^Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 34–35. 18. ^Johnson, Clinton. "Skyraider vs Mig-17." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128095518/http://www.vnafmamn.com/Skyraider_vs_MIG17.html |date=2007-11-28 }} Untold Stories. Retrieved: 14 July 2011. 19. ^Dengler 1979 20. ^"Douglas A-1H and A-1J" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306092840/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3189 |date=March 6, 2008 }}, National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 30 December 2007. 21. ^"Rescue in Vietnam." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306092834/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1252 |date=March 6, 2008 }} National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 30 December 2007. 22. ^1 "Medal of Honor Citations: Vietnam War Medal of Honor Recipients (A-L)." {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5hSMzvEY1?url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/vietnam-a-l.html |date=2009-06-11 }} U.S. Army Center of Military History, 16 July 2007. Retrieved: 23 December 2007. 23. ^Hobson 2001, pp. 268–269. 24. ^1 Johnson, Captain Clint. "VA-25's Toilet Bomb." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222094210/http://www.midwaysailor.com/midwayva25bomb/ |date=2007-02-22 }} USS Midway. Retrieved: 24 March 2011. 25. ^Chinnery 1997, p. 95. 26. ^Denehan 1997, pp. 10–11. 27. ^Denehan 2007 28. ^"Skyraider." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515095820/http://collections.nasm.si.edu/code/emuseum.asp?profile=objects&newstyle=single&quicksearch=A19830230000 |date=2008-05-15 }} NASM. Retrieved: 7 October 2009. 29. ^Chinnery 1997, p. 96. 30. ^1 2 Baugher. Joe. "Service of AD Skyraider with Fleet Air Arm." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124033344/http://joebaugher.com/usattack/newa1_24.html |date=2010-11-24 }} Douglas AD/A-1 Skyraider, 18 October 2001. Retrieved: 7 October 2009. 31. ^1 Francillon 1979, p. 403. 32. ^Francillon 1979, pp. 403–404. 33. ^Francillon 1979, p. 405. 34. ^"The Sandy Spad" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907121553/http://skyraider.org/skyassn/warstor/degroatstory.htm |date=September 7, 2015 }}, Robert S. DeGroat, story appeared in the Feb 1996 issue of EAA Warbirds magazine. Retrieved: 25 March 2017. Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category|Douglas Skyraider}}{{wikisourcecat|Vietnam War|Audio recordings and transcripts with comments of actual Wild Weasel missions flown during the Vietnam War, including Sandy-assisted rescue.}}
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