| 词条 | Oran massacre of 1962 |
| 释义 |
The Oran massacre of 1962 (July 5 – July 7, 1962) was an internecine slaughter of Pied-Noir and European expatriates living in Algeria. It took place in Oran beginning at Algerian independence date, and ended on July 7, 1962. Estimates of the death toll vary from a low of 95 (a minority — 20 — of whom were European)[1] to a high of 453 disappeared.[2] Background{{Main|Algerian War}}The Algerian War had been underway since 1954. The Evian Accords of March 18 1962, brought an end to the conflict. The Accords, which were reached during a cease-fire between French armed forces and the Algerian nationalist organization the Front de libération nationale (FLN), began the process of transfer of power from the French to the Algerians. The Evian Accords intended to guarantee the rights and safety of the pieds-noirs, French and Spanish colonial residents, many born in Algeria, and indigenous Sephardi Jews in an independent Algeria. However, rumors had already spread among the pieds-noirs that their choice would be between "the suitcase or the coffin". With armed conflict apparently at an end, the French government loosened security on Algeria's border with Morocco, allowing the FLN freer movement within Algeria. The flight of French pieds-noirs and pro-French native Algerians began in April 1962, and by late May hundreds of thousands had emigrated from Algeria, chiefly to metropolitan France. Independence had been bitterly opposed by the pieds-noirs and many members of the French military, and the anti-independence Organisation armée secrète (OAS) started a campaign of open rebellion against the French government, declaring its military to be an "occupying power".[3] The OAS declared a "scorched earth" policy to deny French-built facilities and development to the future FLN government. The OAS engaged in a bombing campaign that killed an estimated 10 to 15 people in Oran daily in May 1962.[4] Its scorched earth policy climaxed on June 7 1962, when the OAS Delta Commando burned Algiers Library and its 60,000 volumes and blew up Oran's town hall, the municipal library, and four schools.[4] EventUnder French rule, Oran had 250,000 inhabitants of European origin. As noted, many left in the months after the accords. On the morning of July 5, 1962, the day Algeria became independent, seven katibas (companies) of FLN troops entered the city and were fired on by some Europeans.[5] An outraged Muslim mob swept into the pied-noir neighborhoods, which had already been largely vacated, and attacked the estimated 40,000 remaining pieds-noirs. The violence lasted several hours, during which the mob cut the throats of many men, women and children. The massacre was ended by the deployment of French Gendarmerie.[5] Estimates of the total casualties vary widely. Local newspapers[6] declared that 1,500 were killed. Dr. Mostefa Naït, the post-independence director of the Oran hospital centre, claimed that 95 persons, including 20 Europeans, were killed (13 from stabbings) and 161 people were injured.[4] Other sources have claimed that as many as 453 persons "disappeared".[2] Some 153 French residents are listed at a virtual polynational memorial website on the Internet.[7] Neither the Algerian police nor the 18,000 French troops in the city tried to prevent the massacre.[5] Their orders from Paris were "do not move", leaving the pieds-noirs vulnerable. Many pied-noirs believed that the massacre was an expression of policy by the FLN; they chose emigration to France over reconciliation with the indigenous population.[5] At the 1963 trial of Jean Bastien-Thiry, who attempted to assassinate President de Gaulle, defence lawyers referred to the Oran massacre. They said that Bastien-Thiry's act was justified because de Gaulle caused a genocide of Algeria's European population. See also
References1. ^Benjamin Stora, Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History (Cornell University Press, 2004) p105 {{coord missing|Algeria}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Oran Massacre Of 1962}}2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/la-verite-sur-les-massacres-d-oran_460144.html|title=Algérie 1962 : La vérité sur les massacres d'Oran|last=Thiolay|first=Boris|date=2006-09-13|work=L'Express|accessdate=12 November 2012}} 3. ^See Le Figaro, March 24–25, 1962, (see "La fusillade de la rue d’Isly, l’exode des pieds-noirs, Oran"{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Human Rights League, March 2002 4. ^1 2 la fusillade de la rue d’Isly, l’exode des pieds-noirs, Oran--no exits this link{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Human Rights League, March 2002 5. ^1 2 3 Alistair Horne, page 533 A Savage War Of Peace, {{ISBN|0-670-61964-7}} 6. ^ , CHRONOLOGIE DE LA GUERRE D'ALGÉRIE, LES JOURNAUX D'ALGER 7. ^ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202035216/http://www.war-memorial.net/mem_det.asp?ID=144 |date=2016-02-02 }}, Polynational War Memorial 13 : Conflicts in 1962|1962 in Algeria|Algerian War|Anti-white racism in Africa|Massacres of ethnic groups|Massacres in Algeria|1962 in France|Mass murder in 1962|Francophobia|Ethnic cleansing in Africa|Racism in Africa|Algerian war crimes|July 1962 events |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。