“Order of chivalry”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A chivalric order, order of chivalry, order of knighthood or equestrian order is an order, confraternity or society of knights^[1] typically founded during or inspired by the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (circa 1099–1291), paired with medieval concepts of ideals of chivalry.

During the 15th century, orders of chivalry, or dynastic orders of knighthood, began to be created in a more courtly fashion{{huh|date=March 2019}} that could be created ad hoc. These orders would often retain the notion of being a society or association of individuals, however, some of them were ultimately purely honorific, consisting of nothing but the badge. In fact, the badges themselves often came to be known informally as orders. These institutions in turn gave rise to the modern-day orders of merit of states.^[2]

Terminology

Sansovino

In Dell'origine dei Cavalieri (1566), the Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino (1521–1586) distinguished knights and their respective societies in three main categories:

Over time, the above division became no longer sufficient, and heraldic science distinguished orders into: hereditary, military, religious and fees.

Holy See

The Secretariat of the State of the Holy See - medieval pioneer - distinguishes orders in the following manner:^[3]

Boulton

In a more generous distribution proposed in The Knights in the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Late Medieval Europe (1987), the Canadian heraldist D'Arcy Boulton classifies chivalric orders as follows:

Other

Another occurrent chronological categorisation is into:{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Medieval orders

Monarchical orders

Confraternal orders

Confraternal orders are orders of chivalry with the presidency attached to a nobleman:

Fraternal orders

Fraternal orders are orders of chivalry that were formed off a vow & for a certain enterprise:

Votive orders

Votive orders are orders of chivalry, temporarily formed on the basis of a vow. These were courtly chivalric games rather than actual pledges as in the case of the fraternal orders. Three are known from their statutes:

Cliental pseudo-orders

Cliental pseudo-orders are not orders of chivalry and were princes's retinues fashionably termed orders. They are without statutes or restricted memberships:

Honorific orders

Together with the monarchical chivalric orders (see above) these honorific orders are the prime ancestors of the modern-day orders of knighthood (see below) which are orders of merit in character.

The distinction between these orders and decorations is somewhat vague, except that these honorific orders still implied membership in a group. Decorations have no such limitations and are awarded purely to recognize the merit or accomplishments of the recipient. Both orders and decorations often come in multiple classes.^[8]

Modern orders

Most orders created since the late 17th century were no longer societies and fellowships of knights^[1] who followed a common mission but were established by monarchs or governments with the specific purpose of bestowing honours on deserving individuals. In most European monarchies, these new orders retained some outward forms from the medieval orders of chivalry (such as rituals and structure) but were in essence orders of merit, mainly distinguished from their republican counterparts by the fact that members were entitled to a title of nobility.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} While some orders required noble birth (such as the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, established in 1764), others would confer a title upon appointment (such as the Military Order of Max Joseph, established in 1806) while in yet other orders only the top classes were considered knights (such as in the Order of St Michael and St George, established in 1818). Orders of merit which still confer privileges of knighthood are sometimes referred to as orders of knighthood. As a consequence of being not an order of chivalry but orders of merit or decorations, some republican honours have thus avoided the traditional structure found in medieval orders of chivalry and created new ones instead, e.g. the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria, or the Legion of Merit of the United States.

Current orders

Former orders

Typical insignia and ranks

Following the example set by the French Legion of Honour, founded by Napoleon, most multi-level European orders comprise five ranks or classes. The highest is usually called the Grand Cross, then descending with varying titles. Alternatively, the ranks are referred to by number (for example "1st class" instead of "Grand Cross"). Typical rankings are:

Each of these ranks wear insignia, usually badge (often enamelled) on a ribbon. Typically these insignia are worn from a sash in the case of the senior ranks, around the neck for the middle ranks (see also neck decorations), and on the left chest for the lower grades. Many orders use insignia in the form of a cross, but there may also be stars, and military awards may have crossed swords added onto the insignias. Ladies may wear the badge on a bow on the left chest. In orders following the example set by the French Legion of Honour, the two highest classes also wear a star (or plaque) on the chest. In special cases the senior class may wear the badge on a collar, which is an elaborate chain around the neck.

In certain countries with feudal heritage the higher ranks (usually at least the Grand Cross) may have vestments proper to them, including a robe or mantle and a hat. An example of such a modern-day order is the Order of the British Empire.

The French Legion of Honour democratised the honour systems of orders of chivaly and merit in the sense of formally omitting both the expectations of nobility on admittees while also no further implying the same status on previously non-noble conferees. Yet some orders may still expect noble ancestry on the part of recipients, such as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and those of the Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem. Others may continue to imply conferral of nobility on any admittee, whether hereditary or personal, such as in some of the cases of dynastic orders conferred by the House of Bavaria or the House of Imperial Russia.

Legacy

Influence

The orders have influenced organizations which are completely separate and distinct from them. Since at least the 18th century, Freemasonry has incorporated symbols and rituals of several medieval military orders in a number of Masonic bodies, most notably, in the "Red Cross of Constantine" (derived from the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George), the "Order of Malta" (derived from the Sovereign Military Order of Malta), and the "Order of the Temple" (derived from the historical Knights Templar), the latter two featuring prominently in the York Rite.

Imitations

See also

Notes

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/history/hist_garter.asp|title=St. George's Chapel: History: Order of the Garter|publisher=See the definition of the Order of the Garter as "a society, fellowship and college of knights" there. - St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle|year=2005|author=|accessdate=6 November 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060915040604/http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/history/hist_garter.asp |archivedate = 15 September 2006}}
2. ^{{cite web|last=Velde|first=François Velde|title=Legitimacy and Orders of Knighthood|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/legitim.htm#accepted|work=Heraldica|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=25 February 2004}}
3. ^http://www.zenit.org/it/articles/la-santa-sede-e-gli-ordini-cavallereschi-doverosi-chiarimenti-prima-parte
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheGarter/OrderoftheGarter.aspx |title=Order of the Garter |accessdate=2012-11-18 |work=Official website of the British Monarchy |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614210437/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheGarter/OrderoftheGarter.aspx |archivedate=2009-06-14 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite book|editor=Diana Scarisbrick|title=Royal jewels : from Charlemagne to the Romanovs|year=2008|publisher=Vendôme Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-86565-193-7|pages=146|author1=Vachaudez, Christophe|author2=Walgrave, Jan|quote=Louis XI founded the Order of Saint Michael in 1469. Initially, there were thirty-six knights, but their numbers increased to such a point that the order began to lose its prestige. Louis XIV reformed the order on 12 January 1665, reducing the number of knights to one hundred}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheThistle.aspx|title=Order of the Thistle|accessdate=2012-11-18 |work=Official website of the British Monarchy }}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderofStPatrick.aspx |title=Monarchy Today: Queen and Public: Honours: Order of St Patrick |accessdate=2012-11-18 |work=Official website of the British Monarchy }}
8. ^Definition adapted from www.turkishmedals.net, accessed 2010-02-20. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505023021/http://www.turkishmedals.net/decorations.htm |date=2012-05-05 }}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Anstis|first=John|title=Observations introductory to an historical essay upon the Knighthood of the Bath|year=1725|publisher=J. Woodman|location=London|pages=4|accessdate=11 December 2012}}
10. ^{{cite web|last=The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey|title=Order of the Bath|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/order-of-the-bath|work=Westminster Abbey|accessdate=11 December 2012|year=2011|quote=The Most Honourable Order of the Bath was established as a military order by Letters Patent of George I on 18 May 1725, when the Dean of Westminster was made Dean of the Order in perpetuity and King Henry VII's Chapel designated as the Chapel of the Order.}}
11. ^¹{{cite book|last=Sauer|first=Werner|title=Die Orden und Ehrenzeichen des Kurfürstentums Hessen-Kassel|year=1950|publisher=Verlag Kleine Reihe für Freunde der Ordens- und Ehrenzeichenkunde|location=Hamburg|pages=19–24|language=German}}
12. ^{{cite book|last=Barber|first=Malcom, & Victor Mallia-Milanes, eds.|title=The Military Orders, vol. 3, History and Heritage|year=2008|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot, England|isbn=9780754662907|pages=4–6}}
13. ^{{cite book|last=Hoegen Dijkhof|first=Hendrik Johannes|title=The legitimacy of Orders of St. John: a historical and legal analysis and case study of a para-religious phenomenon|year=2006|publisher=Hoegen Dijkhof Advocaten (van Universiteit Leiden)|location=Amsterdam|pages=35–41|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/4576/Thesis.pdf;jsessionid=DDF25989E047570D717DA9A7BDDCC613?sequence=4}}
14. ^{{cite web|last=Velde|first=François Velde|title=Legal Definitions of Orders of Knighthood|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/legitim.htm#legal|work=Heraldica|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=25 February 2004}}
15. ^{{cite book|last=Brett-Crowther|first=Michael Richard|title=Orders of Chivalry under the Aegis of the Church.|year=1990|publisher=Lambeth Diploma of Student in Theology Thesis|location=London|pages=80–90}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Kurrild-Klitgaard|first=Peter|title=Knights of fantasy : an overview, history, and critique of the self-styled "Orders" called "of Saint John" or "of Malta", in Denmark and other Nordic countries|year=2002|publisher=Digipaino|location=Turku|isbn=9512922657}}
17. ^Thiou, E. (2002). La noble confrérie & les chevaliers de Saint-Georges au Comté de Bourgogne sous l'Ancien régime & la révolution. Mémoire et documents.
18. ^Bossuat, A. (1944). Un ordre de chevalerie auvergnat; l'ordre de la Pomme d'or'. Bidle/in bistoriqia it stienti/iqm dt I'Aupergite, Uiv (1944), 83-98; H. Morel,'Unc associa, 523-4.