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词条 Order of the Southern Cross
释义

  1. History

  2. Criteria

  3. Classes

  4. Notable recipients

     Foreigners  Brazilians 

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Infobox order
|title = National Order of the Southern Cross
|image =
|caption = Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross
|awarded_by = the Government of Brazil
and the Brazilian Imperial Family
|type = National Order and dynastic order
|motto = Benemerentium Præmium[1]
|day =
|eligibility = Foreign nationals[2]
|for = "As a token of gratitude and recognition for those who have rendered significant service to the Brazilian nation."[2]
|status = Currently awarded
| founder = Pedro I of Brazil
|head_title=Grand Master |head= His Excellency the President of Brazil[3] (the national order)
His Imperial and Royal Highness the Head of the Brazilian Imperial Family[4] (the dynastic order)
|head2_title=Chancellor | head2= His Excellency the Minister of Foreign Affairs[3]
|commander =
|grades = Grand Collar
Grand Cross
Grand Officer
Commander
Officer
Knight
|former_grades =
|date = 1822–1891 (imperial order)
1932– (current order)
|first_induction = December 1, 1822[5]
|last_induction =
|total =
|recipients =
|individual =
|higher =
|lower =
|image2 =
|caption2 = Ribbon bar of the National Order of the Southern Cross
}}The National Order of the Southern Cross ({{lang-pt|Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul}}) is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822. This order was intended to commemorate the independence of Brazil and the coronation of Pedro I.[6] The name derives from the geographical position of the country, under the constellation of the Southern Cross and also in memory of the name – Terra de Santa Cruz (Land of the Holy Cross) – given to Brazil at the time of European discovery.[5]

History

Originally known as the Imperial Order of the Cross (Ordem Imperial do Cruzeiro), the Order was created by Emperor Pedro I on the day of his Coronation, 1 December 1822. Also on the same date the first knights of the order were appointed, to commemorate the crowning of the Empire's first monarch. After the proclamation of the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822 other honorific awards had been made, but of the Orders of chivalry shared with Portugal, Brazilian branches of which had been created upon independence; the Order of the Cross, created to mark the Coronation of the Empire's founder, was thus also the first purely Brazilian Order.

After the fall of the monarchy, Brazil's first republican Constitution, enacted on 24 February 1891, abolished all titles of nobility and all Imperial Orders and decorations.[5] The Order was later re-established by the government of Getúlio Vargas on December 5, 1932, as the National Order of the Southern Cross.[5]

During the Old Republic period (from the Proclamation of the Republic until the Revolution of 1930), National Orders did not exist and the Brazilian State bestowed only military medals.[7] Restored in 1932, the Order of the Southern Cross was the first Order to be created in the re-established, republican honours system. It is considered the senior Brazilian National Order.

During the Imperial period, the Order of the Southern Cross was not the highest ranking of the Imperial Orders, as it ranked below the Brazilian branches of the ancient orders of chivalry, that originated with Portugal: the Order of Christ (the senior-most Order), the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz and the Order of St. James of the Sword. Those Orders were shared by Brazil and Portugal; the Order of Christ was shared with the Holy See similar to the Austrian and a Spanish Orders of the Golden Fleece. However among the Brazilian created Orders, the Imperial Order of the Cross ranked first, having higher status than the Imperial Order of Pedro I and the Imperial Order of the Rose.

The Imperial Order of the Cross continues to be used by both branches of the Brazilian Imperial Family as a House Order, awarded by the rival claimants to the position of Head of the Imperial Family, but such awards are not recognized by the Republic of Brazil.

Just like the Emperors of Brazil were ex officio Grand Masters of the Imperial Order, Presidents of Brazil are ex officio Grand Masters of the successor National Order. Accordingly, President Jair Bolsonaro is the Order's current Grand Master.

Criteria

Unlike the Imperial Order, that was awarded to Brazilians and foreigners alike, the republican National Order is awarded to foreigners only. When the Order was re-established in by presidential decree on January 13, 1932,[8] it was restricted to foreigners only with the stipulation that all awards of the Order constitute an act of foreign relations on the part of the Brazilian Government.[9]

Brazilians were excluded deliberately. In the Old Republic, the State regarded Orders and decorations as contrary to the principles of republicanism, and thus maintained no honours system; the creation of an Order that would admit Brazilians to its ranks was a step too far. However, the Brazilian State also resented the lack of a decoration with which to honour foreign dignitaries, as is sometimes almost required by diplomatic protocol. For instance, during the celebrations of the Centennial of Brazilian Independence in 1922, several foreign dignitaries, including the King and Queen of the Belgians, came to Brazil for the celebrations. The King of the Belgians bestowed Belgian honours to some Brazilians. Brazilian nationals needed authorization from the Government to accept foreign titles of honour, or else face loss of citizenship, and under normal circumnstances permission for the acceptance of appointment to Orders of Chivalry would not have been granted. While the government of Brazil relaxed its practice and authorized both accepting induction into foreign Orders and the wearing of foreign insignia, it lacked any decorations with which to reciprocate the Belgian gesture. The National Order of the Southern Cross was intended as an Order that would fill that gap. Today, accepting foreign honours and insignia without the need of prior Government approval is allowed, and several Brazilian Orders have been established to which Brazilians may be admitted, starting with the National Order of Merit (Ordem Nacional do Mérito), created in 1946. Even so, the governing statutes of the National Order of the Southern Cross have never been reformed, and it thus remains unavailable to Brazilians. Paradoxically, therefore, the Order's Grand Master — the sitting President of the Republic — is never a member of the Order he or she oversees, and the President's connection with the Order is severed once the President leaves office.

The Decree that re-created the Order (Decree 22.165, signed by Vargas on 5 December 1932) does not mention the creation of a new Order, but the reestablishment of the old Order of the Southern Cross, that had been "created upon the advent of the political independence of Brazil". This was done to improve the prestige of the Order by linking it with the past, that is, by associating it with an Order that had been created more than one century earlier.[10]

In 1932, the republican version of the Order had the same five grades as the old imperial version. In 1939, by a statute issued on 17 July of that year, the additional grade of the Grand Collar was created.[11] Until the creation of the Grand Collar, awards of which are restricted to Heads of State, the Grand Cross was the Order's highest rank.

Awards of, and promotions in, the National Order of the Southern Cross are made by decree of the President of the Republic, in his capacity as the Order's Grand Master. The decree of appointment or promotion is, like all presidential decrees, published in the Federal Government's Official Journal, and, as per the Order's regulations, the appointment or promotion is also recorded in a book kept by the Order's secretary.

The Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations serves as the Chancellor of the Order, and an officer of the Ministry of Foreign Relations that heads the ceremonial and protocol division serves as the Secretary to the Order. The Order also has a Council, chaired by its Chancellor, that recommends awards and promotions.

Classes

Under its current regulations, the Order consists of the Grand Master and six Classes of members:[12]

  • Grand Collar: the recipient wears the adorned "Grand Collar", a chain from which the badge of the order is suspended. The recipient is also allowed to combine the wearing of the Grand Collar with any of the following insignia, or with both: the "Star" of the Order (a plaque modelled after the badge of the Order, to be worn on the left breast); and the Sash of the Order, that is proper to those of Grand Cross rank (a light blue sash, to be worn on the right shoulder). Awards of the Grand Collar are restricted to foreign Heads of State.
  • Grand Cross: the recipient wears the Sash of the Order, and the badge of the Order hangs from the bottom part of that sash (given that the sash is worn on the right shoulder, the badge hangs close to the left leg, by the waist line). The recipient further wears the "star" of the Order, displayed on the left breast.
  • Grand Officer: the recipient wears the badge of the Order around the neck suspended from a blue ribbon necklet, and the star of the order is displayed on the left breast.
  • Commander: the recipient wears the badge of the order around the neck, suspended from a blue ribbon necklet.
  • Officer: the recipient wears the badge of the Order on left breast suspended from a ribbon with a rosette.
  • Knight: the recipient wears the badge of the Order on the left breast suspended from a simple ribbon.
Ribbon bars
KnightOfficerCommanderGrand OfficerGrand CrossGrand Collar

Notable recipients

Foreigners

  • 2018 – {{flagicon|Israel}} Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister of Israel)[13]
  • 2017 – {{flagicon|Paraguay}} Horacio Cartes (President of Paraguay)[14]
  • 2017 – {{flagicon|Austria}} Stefan Zweig (novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer), posthumous award[15]
  • 2017 – {{flagicon|Argentina}} Mauricio Macri (President of Argentina)[16]
  • 2016 – {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Rosen Plevneliev (President of Bulgaria)[17]
  • 2015 – {{flagicon|Argentina}} Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (President of Argentina)[18]
  • 2015 – {{flagicon|Mexico}} Enrique Peña Nieto (President of Mexico)[19][20]
  • 2014 – {{flagicon|Argentina}} Julio de Vido (politician)[21]
  • 2013 – {{flagicon|Venezuela}} José Antonio Abreu (pianist)[22]
  • 2012 – {{flagicon|France}} Emmanuel Macron (current President of France)[23]
  • 2011 – {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Georgi Parvanov (President of Bulgaria)[24]
  • 2011 – {{flagicon|Colombia}} María Ángela Holguín (Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia)[25]
  • 2010 – {{flagicon|Syria}} Bashar al-Assad (President of Syria)
  • 2010 – {{flagicon|Lebanon}} Michel Suleiman (President of Lebanon)[26]
  • 2009 – {{flagicon|France}} Nicolas Sarkozy (President of France)[27]
  • 2009 – {{flagicon|USA}} Arturo Valenzuela (Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs)[28]
  • 2007 – {{flagicon|Denmark}} Anders Fogh Rasmussen (Prime Minister of Denmark)[29]
  • 2007 – {{flagicon|Sweden}} Carl XVI Gustaf (King of Sweden)[30]
  • 2007 – {{flagicon|Sweden}} Silvia Sommerlath (Queen consort of Sweden)[30]
  • 2007 – {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Henri (Grand Duke of Luxembourg)[31]
  • 2007 – {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Maria Teresa (Grand Duchess consort of Luxembourg)[31]
  • 2006 – {{flagicon|Senegal}} Jacques Diouf (diplomat)[32]
  • 2004 – {{flagicon|USA}} James Sherwood (businessman)[33]
  • 2004 – {{flagicon|Morocco}} Mohammed VI (King of Morocco)
  • 2003 – {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Beatrix (Queen of the Netherlands)[34]
  • 2003 – {{flagicon|Norway}} Harald V (King of Norway)[35]
  • 2003 – {{flagicon|Norway}} Sonja Haraldsen (Queen consort of Norway)[35]
  • 2003 – {{flagicon|Japan}} Yasuo Tanaka (governor of Nagano)[36]
  • 2003 – {{flagicon|USA}} Ann Hartness (scholar)[37]
  • 2002 – {{flagicon|Spain}} Ismael Crespo (Professor at the University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain)[38]
  • 2002 – {{flagicon|Poland}} Aleksander Kwaśniewski (President of Poland)[39]
  • 1999 – {{flagicon|Peru}} Alberto Fujimori (President of Peru)[40]
  • 1999 – {{flagicon|USA}} Albert Fishlow (professor)[41]
  • 1999 – {{flagicon|Italy}} Giovanni Sartori (political scientist)[42]
  • 1998 – {{flagicon|Portugal}} Ricardo Salgado (banker)[43]
  • 1996 – {{flagicon|France}} Jacques Chirac (President of France)[44]
  • 1996 – {{flagicon|Portugal}} António Guterres (Prime Minister of Portugal)
  • 1996 – {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Stephan Schmidheiny (entrepreneur)[45]
  • 1991 – {{flagicon|Spain}} Juan Carlos I (King of Spain)
  • 1990 – {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Václav Havel (President of Czechoslovakia)[46]
  • 1990 – {{flagicon|Japan}} Daisaku Ikeda (president of the Soka Gakkai)[47]
  • 1987 – {{flagicon|Portugal}} Mário Soares (President of Portugal)
  • 1978 – {{flagicon|UK}} Charles, Prince of Wales (heir apparent to the British throne)
  • 1976 – {{flagicon|Japan}} Masayoshi Ōhira (Finance Minister of Japan)
  • 1976 – {{flagicon|France}} Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (President of France)[48]
  • 1975 – {{flagicon|Romania|1965}} Nicolae Ceausescu (President of Romania)
  • 1974 – {{flagicon|Denmark}} Margrethe II (Queen of Denmark)
  • 1972 – {{flagicon|Bolivia}} Hugo Banzer (President of Bolivia)[49]
  • 1972 – {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} Alexander II Karađorđević (Crown Prince of Yugoslavia)
  • 1969 – {{flagicon|USA}} Neil Armstrong (astronaut)[50]
  • 1969 – {{flagicon|USA}} Michael Collins (astronaut)[51]
  • 1968 – {{flagicon|UK}} Elizabeth II (Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms)
  • 1965 – {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Shah of Iran)
  • 1964 – {{flagicon|France}} Charles de Gaulle (President of France)[52]
  • 1964 – {{flagicon|USA}} Felix Grant (radio presenter)[53]
  • 1963 – {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} Blaže Koneski (writer)[54]
  • 1963 – {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} Ivan Rukavina (Army general)[54]
  • 1963 – {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} Josip Broz Tito (President of Yugoslavia)
  • 1962 – {{flagicon|UK}} Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (consort of the British monarch)
  • 1961 – {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} Yuri Gagarin (cosmonaut)[55]
  • 1961 – {{flagicon|Argentina}} Che Guevara (revolutionary)[56]
  • 1958 – {{flagicon|Ethiopia|1897}} Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia)
  • 1956 – {{flagicon|USA}} David Rockefeller (banker) [57]
  • 1956 – {{flagicon|Indonesia}} Sukarno (President of Indonesia)
  • 1955 – {{flagicon|Japan}} Hirohito (Emperor of Japan)[58]
  • 1954 – {{flagicon|USA}} Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Commander WWII, President of the United States)
  • 1954 – {{flagicon|Israel}} Vera Weizmann (wife of Chaim Weizmann, the first President of Israel)
  • 1952 – {{flagicon|USA}} Helen Keller (activist)[59]
  • 1952 – {{flagicon|Argentina}} Eva Perón (First Lady of Argentina)[60]
  • 1946 – {{flagicon|USA}} Nelson Rockefeller (as Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, later VP of the U.S.)
  • 1944 – {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} Chiang Kai-shek (Chairman of the National Government of China)
  • 1944 – {{flagicon|USA}} Ira C. Eaker (general of the United States Army Air Forces)[61]
  • 1944 – {{flagicon|USA}} Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (Naval officer)
  • 1940 – {{flagicon|Venezuela}} Eleazar López Contreras (President of Venezuela)[62]
  • 1940 – {{flagicon|USA}} Robert B. Williams (pilot)[63]
  • 1935 – {{flagicon|New Zealand}} Jean Batten (aviator)[64]
  • 1933 – {{flagicon|UK}} Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India)
  • 1884 – {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} Nicholas II (Emperor of Russia)
  • 1878 – {{flagicon|German Empire}} Wilhem II (German Emperor and King of Prussia )
  • 1873 – {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} Carlos I (King of Portugal and the Algarves)
  • 1867 – {{flagicon|UK}} Prince Alfred (Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
  • 1866 – {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} Alexander III (Emperor of Russia)
  • 1865 – {{flagicon|Second Mexican Empire}} Maximilian I (Emperor of Mexico)
  • 1864 – {{flagicon|France}} Prince Gaston, Count of Eu (French prince)
  • 1861 – {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} Luís I (King of Portugal and the Algarves)
  • 1855 – {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} Pedro V (King of Portugal and the Algarves)
  • 1852 – {{flagicon|Argentina}} Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (President of Argentina)
  • 1848 – {{flagicon|Spain}} Isabella II (Queen of Spain)
  • 1838 – {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} Fernando II (King of Portugal and the Algarves)
  • 1830 – {{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} Francis II (Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria)
  • 1830 – {{flagicon|Duchy of Parma}} Marie Louise (Duchess of Parma, former Empress of the French)
  • 1830 – {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} Domingos Sequeira (artist)
  • 1826 – {{flagicon|UK}} John Pascoe Grenfell (admiral)[65]
  • 1826 – {{flagicon|Kingdom of Portugal}} Maria II (Queen of Portugal and the Algarves)
  • 1823 – {{flagicon|UK}} Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald (admiral)[66]

among others

Brazilians

  • 1888 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto (Prime Minister of Brazil)
  • 1876 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco (Diplomat)
  • 1870 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco (Prime Minister of Brazil)
  • 1866 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Francisco Manuel Barroso, Baron of Amazonas (Admiral)
  • 1870 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Deodoro da Fonseca (Major)
  • 1869 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval (Marshal)
  • 1852 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre (Lieutenant general)
  • 1841 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (Marshal)
  • 1841 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná (Prime Minister of Brazil)
  • 1837 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda (Regent of the Empire)
  • 1824 – {{flagicon|Empire of Brazil}} Carlos Frederico Lecor, Viscount of Laguna (Governor of the Cisplatina province)

among others

References

1. ^Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul Banco Central do Brasil. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. {{pt icon}}.
2. ^1 National Order of the Southern Cross Medal-Medaille. Retrieved on 2010-10-10.
3. ^1 Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Conselho Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. {{pt icon}}.
4. ^Royal Ark
5. ^1 2 3 Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Histórico {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902055100/http://www2.mre.gov.br/cerimonial/CruzeirodoSul/Home-CS.htm |date=2010-09-02 }} Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. {{pt icon}}.
6. ^White, William. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3VsEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173 Notes and queries, Volume 78]. London: 1888, p. 173.
7. ^Even the short-lived republican Ordem de Colombo (Order of Columbus) that had been established by the Provisional Government of the Republic as a replacement to the Imperial Orders, was abolished when Congress promulgated Brazil's first republican Constitution on 24 February 1891, declaring all Orders abolished and stating that the Republic would maintain no Orders. Only after the 1891 Constitution had ceased to operate due to the 1930 Revolution was a republican honours system created, beginning with the recreation of the Order of the Southern Cross in 1932.
8. ^http://www6.senado.gov.br/legislacao/ListaNormas.action?numero=68055&tipo_norma=DEC&data=19710113&link=s
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.mre.gov.br/Cerimonial/CruzeirodoSul/Home-CS.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902055100/http://www2.mre.gov.br/cerimonial/CruzeirodoSul/Home-CS.htm |archivedate=2010-09-02 |df= }}
10. ^http://www6.senado.gov.br/legislacao/ListaTextoIntegral.action?id=26254 Decree that "Reestablishes the National Order of the Southern Cross".
11. ^http://www2.camara.gov.br/legin/fed/declei/1930-1939/decreto-lei-1424-17-julho-1939-411334-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html
12. ^Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Regulamento Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. {{pt icon}}.
13. ^https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Benjamin-Netanyahu/Netanyahu-in-Brazil-Forming-an-alliance-with-a-superpower-575708
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2017-02/brazil-and-argentina-agree-move-closer-pacific-alliance|title=Temer e Horácio Cartes reafirmam decisão de suspender Venezuela do Mercosul|work=Agência Brasil|date=21 August 2017|accessdate=22 August 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Diário Oficial da União|url=https://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/143190761/dou-secao-1-13-04-2017-pg-9|date=13 April 2017|accessdate=21 August 2017}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2017-02/brazil-and-argentina-agree-move-closer-pacific-alliance|title=Brazil and Argentina agree to move closer to Pacific Alliance|work=Agência Brasil|date=7 February 2017|accessdate=12 February 2017}}
17. ^Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Decreto de 1º de Fevereiro de 2016. Published by Imprensa Nacional in Section 1 of the Diário Oficial da União on February 2, 2016. {{ISSN|1677-7042}}.
18. ^http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/dilma-rousseff-se-emociono-al-condecorar-a-cristina-con-la-orden-del-sur-de-brasil
19. ^Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Decreto de 11 de Dezembro de 2015. Published by Imprensa Nacional in Section 1 of Diário Oficial da União of December 14, 2015. {{ISSN|1677-7042}}.
20. ^{{cite news|url=https://mexico.quadratin.com.mx/Otorga-Pena-Orden-del-Aguila-Azteca-a-Rousseff-recibe-la-Cruz-del-Sur|title=Otorga Peña Orden del Águila Azteca a Rousseff; recibe la Cruz del Sur|work=Quadratin|date=26 May 2015|language=Spanish}}
21. ^http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201405/63352-de-vido-argentina-brasil-y-la-region-estan-muchisimo-mejor-que-hace-diez-anos.html
22. ^http://www.noticias24.com/gente/noticia/98967/el-maestro-abreu-fue-galardonado-con-la-orden-nacional-cruzeiro-do-sul-por-dilma-rousseff/
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sintese.com/norma_integra.asp?id=15133|title=Decreto|date=19 December 2012}}
24. ^Presidente Dilma é condecorada com a mais alta ordem da Bulgária GazetaOnline. Retrieved on 2011-10-05. {{pt icon}}.
25. ^http://memoria.ebc.com.br/agenciabrasil/noticia/2011-10-26/brasil-e-colombia-assinam-acordos-para-intensificar-relacoes
26. ^{{cite web|title=Decorations and Medals|url=http://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/President/Pages/Medals.aspx|accessdate=9 February 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413164821/http://www.presidency.gov.lb/English/President/Pages/Medals.aspx|archivedate=13 April 2012|df=}}
27. ^http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0,,MUL1293839-5602,00.html
28. ^https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/nov/131790.htm
29. ^{{cite web|title=Pág. 7. Seção 1. Diário Oficial da União (DOU) de 06 de Setembro de 2007|url=https://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/708191/pg-7-secao-1-diario-oficial-da-uniao-dou-de-06-09-2007|date=5 September 2007|accessdate=21 February 2017}}
30. ^1 https://www.anpfoto.nl/search.pp?page=1&ShowPicture=6280020&pos=6
31. ^1 DECRETO DE 3 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2007 - website JusBrasil
32. ^{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Dr Jacques Diouf, Director-General Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) | work = FAO website | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) | date = July 2007 | url = http://www.fao.org/english/dg/dioufcv.htm | doi = | accessdate = 2009-09-26}}
33. ^http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chairman-james-hurlock-and-founder-james-sherwood-to-retire-from-orient-express-board-of-directors-118357229.html
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35. ^1 {{cite web|title=Diário Oficial da União|url=http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/servlet/INPDFViewer?jornal=1&pagina=6&data=07/10/2003&captchafield=firistAccess|date=7 October 2003|accessdate=9 February 2017}}
36. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20030421082126/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20030314b1.htm
37. ^{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = Margo Gutierrez | coauthors = | title = Ann Hartness to receive Brazil's National Order of the Southern Cross | work = News releases | publisher = Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas | date = April 10, 2003 | url = http://www.lib.utexas.edu/about/news/hartness3.html | doi = | accessdate = 2009-09-26}}
38. ^{{cite web|title=Diário Oficial da União|url=http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/servlet/INPDFViewer?jornal=1&pagina=13&data=28/10/2002&captchafield=firistAccess|date=28 October 2002|accessdate=3 March 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=Diário Oficial da União|url=http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/servlet/INPDFViewer?jornal=1&pagina=2&data=18/04/2002&captchafield=firistAccess|date=17 April 2002|accessdate=20 February 2017}}
40. ^http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/pol/ult220799021.htm
41. ^http://exame.abril.com.br/economia/noticias/fishlow-e-otimista-com-brasil-apesar-do-baixo-investimento
42. ^http://www.levantenews.it/index.php/2013/09/18/santa-consegnato-al-politologo-sartori-il-premio-isaiah-berlin/
43. ^http://www.tvi24.iol.pt/economia/negocios/ricardo-salgado-o-banqueiro-ha-mais-tempo-no-ativo
44. ^{{cite web|title=Diário Oficial|url=http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/servlet/INPDFViewer?jornal=1&pagina=6&data=30/07/1996&captchafield=firistAccess|date=29 July 1996|accessdate=14 September 2017}}
45. ^http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/01/06/opinion/1389007120_928954.html
46. ^{{cite web|title=State Decorations|url=http://vaclavhavel.cz/index.php?sec=1&id=7&kat=&from=25|accessdate=9 February 2017}}
47. ^http://www.daisakuikeda.org/sub/resources/records/curriculum-vitae/
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/publicacoes-oficiais/catalogo/geisel/viagem-do-pr-geisel-a-franca-abril-1976/@@download/file/Viagem%20do%20PR%20Geisel%20%C3%A0%20Fran%C3%A7a%20-%20abril%201976.pdf |title=Viagem do PR Geisel à França |publisher= |format=PDF |access-date=19 January 2019}}
49. ^https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/brazilian-president-emilio-garrastazu-medici-decorates-news-photo/51400041#/brazilian-president-emilio-garrastazu-medici-decorates-bolivian-hugo-picture-id51400041
50. ^{{cite news|url=https://acervo.estadao.com.br/noticias/acervo,armstrong-lembrou-dumont-como-pioneiro-da-aviacao,7032,0.htm|title=Armstrong lembrou Dumont como pioneiro da aviação|work=Estadão|date=26 August 2012|accessdate=2 September 2018}}
51. ^{{cite news|url=https://acervo.estadao.com.br/noticias/acervo,armstrong-lembrou-dumont-como-pioneiro-da-aviacao,7032,0.htm|title=Armstrong lembrou Dumont como pioneiro da aviação|work=Estadão|date=26 August 2012|accessdate=2 September 2018}}
52. ^{{cite web |title = RESSALTADA A AMIZADE FRANÇA–BRASIL | work = | publisher = Correio da Manhã | date = 14 October 1964 | url = http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=089842_07&pagfis=56405&url=http://memoria.bn.br/docreader# | doi = | accessdate = 2 April 2017}}
53. ^http://www.capitalbop.com/special-feature-fifty-years-later-remembering-a-golden-album-by-stan-getz-and-charlie-byrd/
54. ^1 http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/2909472/dou-secao-1-19-09-1963-pg-4
55. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.almanaquebrasil.com.br/curiosidades-historia/6522-para-yuri-gagarin-brasilia-era-um-planeta-diferente.html |title=Para Yuri Gagarin, Brasília era um planeta diferente|publisher=Brasil Almanaque de Cultura Popular |access-date=26 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030172525/http://www.almanaquebrasil.com.br/curiosidades-historia/6522-para-yuri-gagarin-brasilia-era-um-planeta-diferente.html |archive-date=30 October 2012 }}
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58. ^{{cite web|title=Viagem do Presidente Geisel ao Japão|url=http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/publicacoes-oficiais/catalogo/geisel/viagem-do-pr-ao-japao-setembro-1976|date=September 1976|accessdate=15 May 2018}}
59. ^http://www.ptjornal.com/201206269100/geral/hoje-e-dia/27-de-junho-nasce-helen-keller-a-mulher-que-viu-para-alem-da-cegueira.html
60. ^{{cite web |title = Condecorada com a Ordem Nacional do Mérito a Senhora Eva Peron|work = |publisher = A Noite|date = 23 April 1952|url = http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=348970_05&pagfis=12168&url=http://memoria.bn.br/docreader# |doi = | accessdate = 30 December 2018}}
61. ^Ira C. Eaker#Awards and decorations
62. ^{{cite web |title = Condecorados com a Ordem do Cruzeiro do Sul|work = |publisher = O Imparcial|date = 11 February 1940|url = http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=107670_04&pagfis=8674&url=http://memoria.bn.br/docreader |doi = | accessdate = 21 March 2017}}
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65. ^Stewart, Charles Samuel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UxcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Brazil and La Plata, the personal record of a cruise], p. 335
66. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.revistanavigator.com.br/navig16/dossie/N16_dossie1.pdf |title=Lorde Cochrane, o turbulento Marquês do Maranhão |publisher=Revista Navigator |format=PDF |access-date=9 February 2018}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100902055100/http://www2.mre.gov.br/cerimonial/CruzeirodoSul/Home-CS.htm Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul] – official website of the Brazilian Ministry of External Relations (Portuguese)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20041025224647/http://www.geocities.com/athens/4795/Brazil.htm Orders and Decorations of all Nations] by Robert Werlich and Jose Luiz Silva Preiss-Porto Alegre-RS-Brazil

3 : Orders, decorations, and medals of Brazil|Recipients of the Order of the Southern Cross|Orders of knighthood awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members
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