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词条 Order of the Star of Romania
释义

  1. History

  2. Grades

  3. Select recipients

     First issue (1877-1948)  Second issue (since 1998)   Collar rank   Foreign citizens   Romanian citizens   Grand Cross rank  Grand Officer rank  Commodore rank  Officer rank  Knight rank 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Other sources

{{Infobox order
| name = Order of the Star of Romania
Ordinul Steaua României
| title = apple
| image =
| caption = Collar of the Order
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| awarded_by = the King of the Romanians
(1877–1947)
The President of Romania
since 1998
| type = Order of Merit
| established =
| country = Kingdom of Romania
Romania
| house =
| religion =
| ribbon =
| motto =
| eligibility = (1) Civil, Military;
(2) Military units;
(3) Foreign citizens
| criteria = (1) Exceptional civil and military services to the Romanian State and the Romanian people;
(2) For special acts in time of peace or for heroic acts in time of war;
(3) For contributing to the development of the friendship relations with Romania, or for other exceptional services to the Romanian State and the Romanian People.
| status = Currently awarded
| founder =
| head_title = Grand Master
| head = President Klaus Iohannis
| head2_title =
| head2 =
| head3_title =
| head3 =
| grades = Collar
Grand Cross
Grand Officer
Commander
Officer
| post-nominals =
| former_grades = Knight/Dame
| first_induction =
| last_induction =
| total =
| higher = Order of Michael the Brave
| same =
| lower = Order of Faithful Service
| related =
}}

The Order of the Star of Romania (Romanian: Ordinul Steaua României) is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the defunct Order of Michael the Brave. It is awarded by the President of Romania. It has five ranks, from lowest to the highest: Officer, Commander, Grand Officer, Grand Cross, and Grand Cross with Collar.

History

{{refimprove section|date=October 2018}}

In 1863, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the Domnitor of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, asked the Romanian representative to Paris to contact the then well-known jewellery house Krétly, to manufacture a state decoration. Krétly presented a model, which was immediately accepted by the domnitor, and based on his agreement, 1,000 pieces of the order were made. It was decided that the order would have five ranks: Knight (Cavaler), Officer (Ofițer), Comandor (Comandor), Grand Officer (Mare Ofițer), and Grand Cross (Mare Cruce).{{fact|date=October 2018}}

Unlike all other decorations in that time that were mostly inspired on the French Légion d'honneur, or which had their insignia like a Maltese cross, the model proposed by Krétly for this order was a blue cross crosslet (cruce repetată), a design that was then unique in decorational design.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

The domnitor decided that the name of the honour would be "The Order of the Union" ("Ordinul Unirii"). It was planned to institute the order on 24 January 1864, the date when the 5th anniversary of his election would be celebrated and a moment that marked the unification of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Because of this, the motto of the new order would fit the event: "GENERE ET CORDES FRATRES" ("BROTHERS THROUGH ORIGINS AND FEELINGS"). The obverse of the insignia would bear the numbers "5" and "24", the days of January when he was elected in both Moldova and Wallachia.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

However, due to the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza by a palace coup, he was unable to actually institute the order, and he awarded the insignia therefore only as a personal present, not as a state decoration. Most of the insignia produced for him remained stored in the Royal Palace's dungeons.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

{{stack|}}

In April 1877, when Romania gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, the debate regarding the institution of Romanian decorations was revived. Mihail Kogălniceanu, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Ion Brătianu cabinet, took part in the debates in the Assembly of Deputies regarding the institution of a state decoration. Because of the already earlier supplied "Order of The Union", it was decided that the shape of the decoration would be the same, modifying only the domnitor's seal. The motto was also changed, because the old one was not appropriate to the moment, to "IN FIDE SALUS" ("IN FAITH IS THE SALVATION"). Regarding the name, Kogălniceanu insisted on "Steaua Dunării" ("The Star of The Danube").{{fact|date=October 2018}}

{{stack|}}

The name "Steaua României" ("The Star of Romania") appeared on May 10, 1887, when the law was voted in the Parliament, as the first law of the Sovereign Romania.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

By Royal Decree (no. 1545/1932), King Carol II changed the order of precedence in the Romanian honours system. As a result, in 1932, The Star of Romania dropped in precedence from second place (where it had been since 1906) to fourth place (after the Order of Carol I and the Order of Ferdinand I). In 1937, it dropped to seventh place. The main shape of the order, the blue repeated cross (called also "Romanian cross") was kept, but the rays between the cross' arms were replaced by four heraldic eagles with wings spread, the insignia of King Carol I was placed on the obverse, and the reverse bore the year of its establishment, "1877". Also the number of persons that could be awarded The Star of Romania was increased:{{fact|date=October 2018}}

  • Knight (Cavaler): 1,000 civilians and 350 military
  • Officer (Ofițer): 500 civilians and 150 military
  • Commodore or Commander (Comandor): 200 civilians and 75 military
  • Grand Officer (Mare Ofițer): 75 civilians and 25 military
  • Grand Cross (Mare Cruce): 35 civilians and 10 military

In 1938, the order was given a superior rank, called "Clasa I" (First Class in English), between the Grand Officer rank and the Grand Cross rank, with a maximum of 50 civilians and 15 military personnel.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

The statutes established by King Carol II were changed by General Ion Antonescu (who became Conducător on 4 September 1940). Generally, the rules were the ones used during World War I. The order "The Star of Romania" became the second in the national hierarchy, after that of the Order of Michael the Brave.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

Inspired by the German Iron Cross, Ion Antonescu decided that the first three grades of the orders the Star of Romania and the Crown of Romania, with spades (swords), and the ribbon of The Medal "The Military Virtue" would be awarded for exceptionally brave acts with an oak leaf, attached to the ribbon.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

After 1948, all the existing decorations were outlawed, and their wearing was forbidden. Just by keeping the insignia, one was considered a delinquent in the first years of communism.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

After many attempts, in 1998/1999 the National Order "The Star of Romania" was reinstituted, with a design similar to the one used in 1932, but without the insignia of King Carol I, and with the republican insignia.{{fact|date=October 2018}}

Grades

As per Law 29/2000, regarding Romania's national system of decorations, there are currently six grades:[1]

  • Collar (Colan)
  • Grand Cross (Mare Cruce)
  • Grand Officer (Mare Ofiţer)
  • Commander (Comandor)
  • Officer (Ofiţer)
  • Knight (Cavaler)

Select recipients

First issue (1877-1948)

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Ernesto Burzagli, No. 67616. [2]
  • Archduke Eugen of Austria (1881)
  • Jan Karcz
  • Aristide Razu (1918)
  • Harry Gideon Wells (1919)
  • Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas Muller (1922)
  • Scarlat Cantacuzino
  • Artur Phleps (1920, 1933)
  • Edward Rydz-Śmigły
  • Jack Corbu (1930)
  • Stanisław Maczek
  • Amha Selassie of Ethiopia
  • Rudolf Walden
  • Fritz Witt (1942)
  • Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala (1935)
  • Walter Staudinger (1942)
  • Sultan Ismail of Johor (1942)
  • Emmerich Jordan (1944)
{{div col end}}

Second issue (since 1998)

{{Dynamic list}}

Collar rank

{{lang-ro|Colan}}
  • Emil Constantinescu (1998)
  • Ion Iliescu (2000)
  • Traian Băsescu (2004)
  • Klaus Iohannis (2014)
Foreign citizens
No. Name Known for Year
Appointed
1France}} Jacques Chirac President of France1998
2Peru}} Alberto Fujimori President of Peru
3Finland}} Martti Ahtisaari President of Finland
4Bulgaria}} Petar Stoyanov President of Bulgaria
5Poland}} Aleksander Kwaśniewski President of Poland1999
6Austria}} Thomas Klestil President of Austria
7Greece}} Konstantinos Stephanopoulos President of Greece
8Turkey}} Süleyman Demirel President of Turkey
9Norway}} Harald V King of Norway
10Qatar}} Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani Emir of Qatar
11Kuwait}} Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Emir of Kuwait
12Kazakhstan}} Nursultan Nazarbayev President of Kazakhstan
13Albania}} Rexhep Meidani President of Albania
14Israel}} Ezer Weizman President of Israel
15Moldova}} Petru Lucinschi President of Moldova2000
16United Kingdom}} Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom
17Portugal}} Jorge Sampaio President of Portugal
18Hungary}} Árpád Göncz President of Hungary
19Denmark}} Margrethe II Queen of Denmark
20Slovakia}} Rudolf Schuster President of Slovakia
21Croatia}} Stjepan Mesić President of Croatia
22Mexico}} Ernesto Zedillo President of Mexico
23Brazil}} Fernando Henrique Cardoso President of Brazil
24Thailand}} Bhumibol Adulyadej King of Thailand
25Ukraine}} Leonid Kuchma President of Ukraine
26Lebanon}} Émile Lahoud President of Lebanon2001
27Ghana}} Kofi Annan Secretary-General of the United Nations
28Netherlands}} Beatrix I Queen of the Netherlands
29Lithuania}} Valdas Adamkus President of Lithuania
30Latvia}} Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga President of Latvia
31Sovereign Military Order of Malta}} Andrew Bertie Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta2002
32United Arab Emirates}} Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan President of United Arab Emirates
33Philippines}} Gloria Macapagal Arroyo President of Philippines
34Slovenia}} Milan Kučan President of Slovenia
35Hungary}} Ferenc Mádl President of Hungary
36United States}} George W. Bush President of the United States
37San Marino}} Mauro Chiaruzzi Captains Regent of San Marino
38San Marino}} Giuseppe Maria Morganti Captains Regent of San Marino
39Tunisia}} Zine El Abidine Ben Ali President of Tunisia2003
40Sweden}} Carl XVI Gustaf King of Sweden
41Spain}} Juan Carlos I King of Spain
42Italy}} Carlo Azeglio Ciampi President of Italy
43Estonia}} Arnold Rüütel President of Estonia
44Luxembourg}} Henri I Grand Duke of Luxembourg2004
45Vatican City}} Angelo Sodano Cardinal Secretary of State
46Malta}} Eddie Fenech Adami President of Malta
47San Marino}} Giuseppe Arzilli Captains Regent of San Marino
48San Marino}} Roberto Raschi Captains Regent of San Marino
49Chile}} Ricardo Lagos President of Chile
50Azerbaijan}} Ilham Aliyev President of Azerbaijan
51Jordan}} Abdullah II King of Jordan 2005
52Finland}} Tarja Halonen President of Finland 2006
53United States}} George Emil Palade Professor 2007
54Vatican City}} Tarcisio Bertone Cardinal Secretary of State2008
55Sovereign Military Order of Malta}} Matthew Festing Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta
56Poland}} Lech Kaczyński President of Poland2009
57Lebanon}} Michel Suleiman President of Lebanon
58Monaco}} Albert II Prince of Monaco
59Belgium}} Albert II King of the Belgians
60Moldova}} Mihai Ghimpu President of Moldova2010
61Malta}} George Abela President of Malta
62Latvia}} Valdis Zatlers President of Latvia2011
63Estonia}} Toomas Hendrik Ilves President of Estonia
64Italy}} Giorgio Napolitano President of Italy
65Vatican City}} Pietro Parolin Cardinal Secretary of State2015
67Portugal}} Aníbal Cavaco Silva President of Portugal
68Lithuania}} Dalia Grybauskaitė President of Lithuania2016
69Italy}} Sergio Mattarella President of Italy
70Bulgaria}} Rosen Plevneliev President of Bulgaria
71Germany}} Joachim Gauck [3] President of Germany
72Poland}} Andrzej Duda President of Poland
73France}} François Hollande President of France
74Slovakia}} Andrej Kiska President of Slovakia
75Moldova}} Nicolae Timofti President of Moldova
76Croatia}} Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović President of Croatia 2017
Romanian citizens

Available seats: 9

  • Teoctist (2007, Post-mortem)
  • Mugur Isărescu (2010)

Grand Cross rank

{{dynamic list}}{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Charles, Prince of Wales (2017)[4]
  • Queen Beatrix (2001)
  • Yıldırım Akbulut (1999)
  • Teoctist Arăpaşu (1999)
  • Ehud Barak (1999)
  • Bartholomew I of Constantinople (1999)
  • Silvio Berlusconi (2002)
  • Boutros Boutros-Ghali (2000)
  • Diodoros of Jerusalem (1999)
  • Doina Cornea (2000)
  • Pat Cox (2002)
  • Bülent Ecevit (1999)
  • Laurent Fabius (1999)
  • Rafik Hariri (2002)
  • Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark (2000)
  • Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (2004)
  • Mugur Isărescu (2000)
  • Lionel Jospin (1999)
  • Jean-Claude Juncker (2003)
  • Karekin II (2000)
  • Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu (1999)
  • Liviu Librescu (2007, posthumous)
  • Adrian Năstase (2002)
  • George Palade (2000)
  • Göran Persson (2004)
  • Christian Poncelet (1999)
  • Romano Prodi (2000)
  • Jean-Pierre Raffarin (2004)
  • George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen (2000)
  • Gil Carlos Rodriguez Iglesias (2002)
  • Gerhard Schröder (2004)
  • Queen Sofía of Spain (2003)
  • Wolfgang Schüssel (2004)
  • Walter Schwimmer (2001)
  • Vassilios Skouris (2004)
  • Edmund Stoiber (1999)
  • Alexandru Todea (1999)
  • Dan Grigore (2007)
  • Grigore Vieru (2009)
  • Georg Wassilko von Serecki (1907)
  • Radu Beligan (2008)
  • Mariana Nicolesco (2008)
  • Queen Paola of Belgium (2009)
  • Valeriu Munteanu (politician) (2013)
  • Moshe Kantor (2014)
  • Count Hans H. Weiss (1926)
{{div col end}}

Grand Officer rank

{{dynamic list}}{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Nicolae Cajal (2000)
  • Liviu Ciulei (2000)
  • Ileana Cotrubaş (2000)
  • Lucian Pintilie (2000)
  • Dumitru Prunariu (2000)
  • Elie Wiesel (2002)
{{div col end}}

Commodore rank

{{dynamic list}}{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Mircea Dinescu (2000)
  • Alexandru Zub (2000)
  • Lucian Croitoru (2000)
  • Chris Lauzen (2006)
  • Angela Gheorghiu (2010)
  • Vasile Moldoveanu (2010)
  • Ronald L. Burgess, Jr. (2012)
  • Wolf Lepenies (2017)
  • Orrin Hatch (2017)[5][6]
  • Ben Cardin (2017)[5][6]
  • Ron Johnson (2017)[5][6]
  • Marco Rubio (2017)[5][6]
  • Devin Nunes (2017)[5][6]
  • Mike Rogers (2017)[5][6]
  • Jackie Walorski (2017)[5][6]
  • Robert Aderholt (2017)[5][6]
{{div col end}}

Officer rank

{{dynamic list}}{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Marian-Jean Marinescu (2000)
  • Oleg Serebrian (2000)
  • Randolph L. Braham (2004) (Returned 2005)
  • Anton Crihan
{{div col end}}

Knight rank

{{dynamic list}}{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Tudor Gheorghe (2002)
  • Gică Petrescu (2003)
  • Corneliu Vadim Tudor (2004 till 2007, when it was withdrawn [7])
  • Klaus Iohannis (2007)
  • László Tőkés (2009 till 2016, when it was withdrawn)
{{div col end}}
  • Samuel C. Cumming (WWII)
  • Iulia Motoc (2012)

See also

  • List of military decorations
  • National Decorations System (Romania)

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=LEGE nr. 29 din 31 martie 2000 privind sistemul national de decoratii al Romaniei|url=http://www.monitoruljuridic.ro/act/lege-nr-29-din-31-martie-2000-privind-sistemul-national-de-decoratii-al-romaniei-emitent-parlamentul-publicat-n-21756.html|publisher=Monitorul Oficial al României|accessdate=13 December 2015}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Steauaromaniei.jpg |title=Wikimedia Commons |website=Commons.wikimedia.org |date=2012-08-22 |accessdate=2017-07-08}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mediafax.ro/politic/iohannis-i-a-decorat-pe-presedintele-germaniei-si-pe-partenera-sa-15503105|title=Iohannis i-a decorat pe preşedintele Germaniei şi pe partenera sa|publisher=Mediafax|date=22 June 2016|accessdate=22 June 2016|language=Romanian}}
4. ^www.presidency.ro, Decret de decorare semnat de Președintele României, domnul Klaus Iohannis, 29 March 2017.
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|title=Klaus Iohannis a decorat opt congresmani americani cu Ordinul Steaua României în grad de Comandor|url=http://adevarul.ro/news/politica/klaus-iohannis-decorat-opt-congresmani-americani-ordinul-steaua-romaniei-grad-comandor-1_5939da995ab6550cb8f07d40/index.html|website=adevarul.ro|language=Romanian|date=June 9, 2017|access-date=April 29, 2018}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|title=President Iohannis and U.S. congressmen discuss Romania's inclusion in Visa Waiver programme|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/english/2017/06/09/president-iohannis-and-u-s-congressmen-discuss-romania-s-inclusion-in-visa-waiver-programme-09-43-29|website=Agepres|date=June 9, 2017|access-date=April 29, 2018|last1=Peia|first1=Florentina|editor-last1=Purcarea|editor-first1=Vicentiu|last2=Iacob|first2=Simona|editor-last2=Pandea|editor-first2=Razvan-Adrian}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/2007-05-28/presedintele-basescu-i-a-retras-steaua-romaniei-lui-vadim-tudor.html |title=Presedintele Basescu i-a retras Steaua Romaniei lui Vadim Tudor |website=9am.ro |date=2007-05-28 |accessdate=2017-07-08}}

Other sources

  • {{ro icon}} Ordinul național "Steaua României", Presidency of Romania website
  • {{ro icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150703203714/http://canord.presidency.ro/Ord.St.Rom..xls Recipients of the order (Excel sheet)], Presidency of Romania website
{{Romanian National Decorations System}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Star of Romania}}

4 : Romanian decorations|Military awards and decorations of Romania|Order of the Star of Romania|Orders of knighthood awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members
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