| 词条 | Organic cotton |
| 释义 |
Ecological footprintCotton covers 2.5% of the world's cultivated land but uses 10-16% of the world's pesticides (including herbicides, insecticides, and defoliants), more than any other single major crop.[4][7] Environmental consequences of the elevated use of chemicals in the non-organic cotton growing methods include the following:
Organic certificationIn the USA, it is required by the law that any producer wanting to label and sell a product as "organic" must meet the standards established by the Organic Food Production Act of 1990, enforced by The State organic program (SOP)[9] This act specifies the procedures and regulations for production and handling of organic crops. A list of approved organic chemicals is available. [10]. The Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) is the worldwide leading textile processing standard for organic fibres, including ecological and social criteria. Organic system control {{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}Producers must elaborate an organic production or handling system plan which must also be approved by the state certifying agency or the USDA. This plan must include careful explanation of every process held in the plantation, as well as the frequency with which they are performed. A list of substances used on the crops is also necessary, along with a description of their composition, place where they will be used, and if possible documentation of commercial availability. This inventory of substances is important for the regulation of allowed and prohibited material established by the SOP. Organic cotton growers must also provide a description of the control procedures and physical barriers established to prevent contact of organic and non organic crops on split operations and to avoid contact of organic production with prohibited substance during gestation, harvesting, and handling operations .[11] This production plan can also be transferred to other states as long as it has already been approved by a certifying agency. HandlingHandling procedures are all the processes related to product packaging, pest control in handling processing facilities among others. The SOP allows the use of mechanical or biological methods for the purpose of retarding spoilage of products, but at the same time it prohibits the use of volatile synthetic solvents in processed products or any ingredient that is labeled as organic. PesticidesIf certified by the USDA, organic cotton is grown without the use of synthetic pesticides and contains no synthetic pesticides. Pesticides used in the production of conventional cotton include orthophosphates such as phorate and methamidophos, endosulfan (highly toxic to farmers) and aldicarb.[12] Other pesticides persisting in cotton fields in the United States include Trifluralin, Toxaphene and DDT.[13] Although the last two chemicals are no longer used in the United States [14] their long breakdown period and difficulty in removal ensures their persistence. Fields converted from conventional use to organic cotton must be tested to assure no residual pesticide with a transition period of 2–3 years in this process.[15] Instead, organic production allows the use of natural insect repellents extracted from plants or otherwise benign sources.[16] In some cases, companies have taken to testing for pesticide residual of fiber or fabric themselves to assure cheating does not occur on the part of the farmers or farm coops. [17] Over time though, studies have been done to find alternatives to conventional pesticide substances. These organic farmers have found ways to create organic cotton to nearly the yields of conventional farmers [18]. Some farmers in the US use composted tea leaves to act as a substitute for pesticides.[19] Research continues to seek new environmentally friendly ways to rid the soil of harmful pesticides. There has even been a study on using certain animal manure, like chickens, to decrease pest population.[20] Expanding industryDiverse institutions and campaigns are now educating the community about organic cotton and supporting growers on the switch to organic farming. The Sustainable Cotton Project is helping farmers in the transition from chemically dependent crops to more biological sound approaches.[21] This institution has launched the Cleaner Cotton project, which promises to produce cotton with 73% less use of chemicals.[22] In 2003, SCP joined the Community Alliance with Family Farmers (CAFF) to strengthen its operations and reach other farm and consumer audiences. CAFF and SCP provide growers with information about biological farming techniques and educate the public about the importance of reducing chemical use in fiber and food production and supporting local farmers.[23] RegionalOrganic cotton is currently being grown successfully in many countries; the largest producers (as of 2018) are India (51%), China (19%), Turkey (7%) and Kyrgyzstan (7%).[24] Organic cotton production in Africa takes place in at least 8 countries. The earliest producer (1990) was the SEKEM organization in Egypt; the farmers involved later convinced the Egyptian government to convert 400,000 hectares of conventional cotton production to integrated methods,[25] achieving a 90% reduction in the use of synthetic pesticides in Egypt and a 30% increase in yields.[26] Various companies including Fazzoni, Nike, Walmart, and C&A [27] include or have switched to organic cotton.[28] As of 2011, China, the U.S., India, Pakistan, Brazil, Turkey, Greece, Australia, Syria, Mali, and Egypt are all producing organic cotton. With this rise in demand from 2007 to 2011 more and more countries are making the switch.[15] See also
References1. ^CCVT Sustainable 2. ^VineYardTeam Econ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705092431/http://www.vineyardteam.org/pdf/Econ04_ohmart.pdf |date=July 5, 2008 }} 3. ^AMSv1 4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ota.com/organic/mt/organic_cotton.html |title=Organic Cotton Facts |author= |date= |website=The Organic Trade Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120012942/http://www.ota.com/organic/mt/organic_cotton.html |archive-date=2014-11-20 |dead-url=yes |access-date=2016-07-11}} 5. ^{{cite news|last1=Mowbray|first1=John|title=India drags on organic cotton volumes|url=https://www.ecotextile.com/2017101223020/shows-events/india-drags-on-organic-cotton-volumes.html|accessdate=11 December 2017|agency=Ecotextile|publisher=MCL News & Media|date=12 October 2017}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://hk.thepetitsoldier.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Organic-Cotton-Market-Report_2017.pdf|title=ORGANIC COTTON MARKET REPORT 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=hk.thepetitsoldier.com|archive-url=|archive-date=2017|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-12}} 7. ^EJF. (2007). The deadly chemicals in cotton. Environmental Justice Foundation in collaboration with Pesticide Action Network UK: London, UK. ISBN No. 1-904523-10-2. 8. ^Sustainable Cotton Project 9. ^AMSv1 10. ^[https://www.omri.org/omri-lists] 11. ^SOP Land Requirements 12. ^Pesticide Action Network 13. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00244-002-0267-7 | pmid = 12948170 | volume=45 | issue=1 | title=Trace organic contaminants, including toxaphene and trifluralin, in cotton field soils from Georgia and South Carolina, USA |date=July 2003 | journal=Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. | pages=30–6}} 14. ^Dirty dozen (Stockholm Convention) 15. ^1 https://textileexchange.org/transitional-cotton-challenge/ 16. ^{{cite web|title=Pest Management|url=http://www.organiccotton.org/oc/Organic-cotton/Agronomic-practice/Pest-management.php|website=Organic Cotton}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Organic Transparency |url=https://www.alterrapure.com/pages/transparency|website=Alterra Pure}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=FieldTrials |url=https://rodaleinstitute.org/science/farming-systems-trial/|website=Rodale Institute}} 19. ^http://search.proquest.com/docview/461344342 20. ^http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=532_2 21. ^Sustainable Cotton 22. ^SPC/Manufacturers 23. ^SPC/Who We Are {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302124530/http://www.sustainablecotton.org/html/who_we_are.html |date=2012-03-02 }} 24. ^{{cite web |url=https://textileexchange.org/downloads/2018-organic-cotton-market-report/ |title=2018 organic cotton market report |publisher=Textile Exchange |access-date=2018-11-19}} 25. ^Organic cotton projects in Africa 26. ^CSR case study {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218105824/http://www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp?strAction=GetPublication&PNID=1382 |date=2008-02-18 }} 27. ^{{cite web|title=We Care: Acting Sustainably|url=http://www.candacr.com/en/files/2012/04/csr-report.pdf|publisher=C&R|accessdate=7 October 2014|format=PDF|year=2012}} 28. ^http://search.proquest.com/docview/228993213 External links
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