| 词条 | Orsotriaena medus | ||||||
| 释义 |
| name = | image = Medus brown from Madayi IMG 7712.jpg | image_caption = Orsotriaena medus mandata from Kerala, India | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Lepidoptera | familia = Nymphalidae | genus = Orsotriaena | genus_authority = Wallengren, 1858 | species = O. medus | binomial = Orsotriaena medus | binomial_authority = (Fabricius, 1775) | synonyms=Mycalesis mandata {{small|Moore, 1857}}[1] }}Orsotriaena medus is a butterfly found in south Asia, southeast Asia, and Australia[2][3] The genus Orsotriaena was first described by Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren in 1858.[3] Historical nameThe butterfly has historically been called the "nigger",[2][3][3][4] but it has been renamed in Australian faunal works to smooth-eyed bushbrown,[5]medus brown[6] in India and dark grass-brown[7] in Southeast Asia. DescriptionOrsotriaena medus is a medium-sized butterfly with wingspan of {{convert|45|to|55|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The butterfly is dark brown above with a thin marginal pale border. The upper hindwing having a thin submarginal line. There are no eyespots on the upperside of the wings.[12]Below, the butterfly has a white discal band which runs across both wings. It has five eyespots on the underside of the wings. In the forewing, it has two eyespots, with the anterior eyespot slightly smaller. In the hindwing, it has two eyespots on the apical region and a separate ocellus in the tornal (hindmost) region. The uppermost of the eyespots in the hindwing are greatly smaller, while the remaining two are more or less of equal sizes.[8] The eggs are spherical and yellowish. They are laid on the leaf blades and stems of grasses.[8] The larvae are spindle shaped, transversely wrinkled, and covered in small tubercles, giving it a rough appearance. Two long brown spines on the head point forward, while a pair of pinkish prongs project from the anal segment. The colour above is rosy red with a blue dorsal and a white lateral line, below which, the underparts are green.[15] The pupae are perpendicularly suspended, slender and regular, except that the head-case is produced into a long beak formed of two thin processes like split straws. The colour is whitish brown to yellow, with faint bands of a darker shades. It resembles a large grain of barley or a tiny banana.[15][17] Orsotriaena medus superficially resembles members of the genus Mycalesis (bushbrowns), but can readily be identified by the number of spots.[9]Distribution and habitatOrsotriaena medus is native to India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, southern Yunnan, Malaysia, the Indonesian archipelago, the Philippines, New Guinea, New Britain and Australia.[3]In India, the butterfly occurs in South India, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Nagaland, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[10][3] O. medus is very common in grassy habitats up to an altitude of {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}}. A shy, weak-flying insect, it stays low amongst the undergrowth, and when disturbed flies for a short distance before settling down. The butterfly basks in the sun, often with its body aligned parallel to the sun's rays.[8]TaxonomyOrsotriaena medus is classified under the subfamily Satyrinae (the browns) of the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae.[3][11] Orsotriaena medus is divided into several subspecies, listed below with their respective synonyms and geographical ranges.[12]
syn. Orstriaena Young, 1903; Orsotrioena Bingham, 1905
syn. Papilio medus Fabricius, 1775; Mycalesis mandosa Butler, 1868
syn. Mycalesis cinerea Butler, 1867
syn. Mycalesis jopas Hewitson, 1864
syn. Mycalesis mandata Moore, 1857[1]
syn. Papilio hesione Cramer, 1775; Papilio doris Stoll, 1781; Mycalesis runeka Moore, 1857
syn. Orsotriaena mendice Fruhstorfer 1911
syn. Orsotriaena moira Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914
syn. Orsotriaena mutata Butler, 1875
syn. Orsotriaena paupercula Fruhstorfer, 1908
syn. Orsotriaena zipoetina Fruhstorfer, 1908 Ecology and behaviourThe larvae feed on grasses, including rice plants (Oryza sativa), sugarcanes (Saccharum officinarum),[10][12] and para grass (Brachiaria mutica).[13] They are predominantly crepuscular, but can sometimes be active during daytime.[9] See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103554#page/186/mode/1up|title=Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. I|last=Moore|first=Frederic|authorlink=Frederic Moore|publisher=Lovell Reeve and Co.|year=1890|isbn=|location=London|pages=168–172}} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260_A_Synoptic_Catalogue_of_the_Butterflies_of_India|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India|last=R.K.|first=Varshney|last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=175–176|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies|last=Evans|first1=W.H.|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society|year=1932|edition=2nd|location=Mumbai, India|pages=123–124, ser no D16.1|authorlink=William Harry Evans}} 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C|title=Butterflies of Peninsular India|last=Kunte|first=Krushnamegh|publisher=Universities Press|year=2000|isbn=978-8173713545|series=India, A Lifescape|location=Hyderabad, India|page=115}} 5. ^Australian Faunal Directory, Government of Australia (Dept of Environment & Water Resources) [https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Orsotriaena_medus page on Orsotriaena medus]. Accessed 28 April 2018 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/#!/sp/564/Orsotriaena-medus |last=|first=|title=Orsotriaena medus Fabricius, 1775 – Medus Brown| website=Butterflies of India}} 7. ^Kirton, Laurence G. (2014). A Naturalist's Guide to the Butterflies of Peninsular Malayasia, Singapore and Thailand. Oxford:John Beaufoy Publ. p.62. 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 |pages=144–145, ser 352 }} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/Malaysia%20-%20Orsotriaena%20medus.htm|title=Butterflies of Thailand, Malaysia & Borneo: Nigger, Orsotriaena medus FABRICIUS, 1775|author=Adrian Hoskins|publisher=Learn about Butterflies: the complete guide to the world of butterflies and moths|accessdate=November 30, 2011}} 10. ^1 2 3 {{citation-attribution|{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/butterfliesvolii00bing#page/68/mode/2up/ |title=Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 1|last=Bingham|first=Charles Thomas|authorlink=Charles Thomas Bingham|publisher=|year=1905|isbn=|location=|pages=69–70}}|}} 11. ^{{LepIndex |id=143494 |accessdate=May 15, 2018}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/satyrinae/orsotriaena/#medus |title=Orsotriaena medus (Fabricius, 1775) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |accessdate=May 15, 2018}} 13. ^{{cite journal|author=Kalesh, S & S K Prakash|year=2007|title=Additions of the larval host plants of butterflies of the Western Ghats, Kerala, Southern India (Rhopalocera, Lepidoptera): Part 1|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|issue=2|pages=235–238|volume=104}} External links
9 : Elymniini|Butterflies of India|Butterflies of Malaysia|Butterflies of Indonesia|Butterflies of Singapore|Butterflies of Borneo|Butterflies of Indochina|Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius|Butterflies described in 1775 |
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