请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Osmolyte
释义

  1. References

  2. Further reading

Osmolytes are compounds affecting osmosis.[1] They are soluble in the solution within a cell, or in the surrounding fluid, e.g. as plasma osmolytes. They play a role in maintaining cell volume and fluid balance. For example, when a cell swells due to external osmotic pressure, membrane channels open and allow efflux of osmolytes which carry water with them, restoring normal cell volume.[2] Osmolytes also contribute to protein folding.[3]

Natural osmolytes that can act as osmoprotectants include trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylsulfoniopropionate, sarcosine, betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine, myo-inositol, taurine, glycine, and others.[4][5] Remarkably, TMAO has the capacity to restore glucocorticoid binding to mutant receptors.[6] Bacteria accumulate osmolytes for protection against a high osmotic environment.[7] The osmolytes will be neutral non-electrolytes, except in bacteria that can tolerate salts.[5] In humans, osmolytes are of particular importance in the renal medulla.[8] Current understanding of osmolytes have been used to calculate the maximum depth where a fish can survive: 26,900 feet (8,200 meters).[9]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.everythingbio.com/glos/definition.php?word=osmolytes|title=everythingbio.com|publisher=}}
2. ^Review of Medical Physiology, William F. Ganong, McGraw-Hill Medical, {{ISBN|978-0-07-144040-0}}.
3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors=Bolen DW, Baskakov IV | title=The osmophobic effect: natural selection of a thermodynamic force in protein folding | journal=Journal of Molecular Biology | volume=310 | issue=5 | year=2001 | pages=955–963 |id= | doi=10.1006/jmbi.2001.4819 | pmid=11502004}}
4. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Neuhofer | first1 = W. | last2 = Beck | first2 = F. X. | title = Survival in Hostile Environments: Strategies of Renal Medullary Cells | doi = 10.1152/physiol.00003.2006 | journal = Physiology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 171–180 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16714475 | pmc = }}
5. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Arakawa T, Timasheff SN | title=The stabilization of proteins by osmolytes | journal=Biophysical Journal | volume=47 | issue=3 | year=1985 | pages=411–414 | pmc = 1435219 | id= | doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(85)83932-1 | pmid=3978211| bibcode=1985BpJ....47..411A}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=AL |last2=Elam |first2=WA |last3=Johnson |first3=BH |last4=Khan |first4=SH |last5=Kumar |first5=R |last6=Thompson |first6=EB |title=Restored mutant receptor:Corticoid binding in chaperone complexes by trimethylamine N-oxide. |journal=PLOS One |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=e0174183 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0174183 |pmid=28301576 |pmc=5354453}}
7. ^{{cite journal | author=Csonka LN | title=Physiological and genetic responses of bacteria to osmotic stress | journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | volume=53 | issue=1 | year=1989 | pages=121–147| pmc = 372720 | id= | pmid=2651863}}
8. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gallazzini | first1 = M. | last2 = Burg | first2 = M. B. | doi = 10.1152/physiol.00009.2009 | title = What's New About Osmotic Regulation of Glycerophosphocholine | journal = Physiology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 245–249 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19675355 | pmc =2943332 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/111/12/4461 | title=Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths | journal=PNAS | year=2014 | volume=111 | issue=12 | pages=4461–4465 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1322003111 | pmid=24591588| vauthors=Yancey PH, Gerringer ME, Drazen JC, Rowden AA, Jamieson A| bibcode=2014PNAS..111.4461Y | pmc=3970477 }}

Further reading

  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Rose GD, Fleming PJ, Banavar JR, Maritan A |title=A backbone-based theory of protein folding |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=103 |issue=45 |pages=16623–33 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17075053 |pmc=1636505 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0606843103|bibcode = 2006PNAS..10316623R }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Yancey PH |title=Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses |journal=J. Exp. Biol. |volume=208 |issue=Pt 15 |pages=2819–30 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16043587 |doi=10.1242/jeb.01730 |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16043587}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Holthauzen LM, Bolen DW |title=Mixed osmolytes: the degree to which one osmolyte affects the protein stabilizing ability of another |journal=Protein Sci. |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=293–8 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17189473 |pmc=2203298 |doi=10.1110/ps.062610407 }}
  • {{cite journal|last=Harries|first=Daniel|author2=Rösgen, Jörg|title=A Practical Guide on How Osmolytes Modulate Macromolecular Properties|journal=Meth. Cell Bio.|year=2008|volume=84|pages=679–735|doi=10.1016/S0091-679X(07)84022-2}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Hochachka|first=P.W.|author2=Somero, G. N|title=Biochemical Adaptation. Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford}}
{{biochem-stub}}

2 : Diffusion|Solutions
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/20 18:52:31