| 释义 |
- References
- Further reading
{{Distinguish|Ossicles}}Ossicones are horn- or antler-like protuberances on the heads of giraffes, male okapis, and their extinct relatives, such as Sivatherium, and the climacoceratids, such as Climacoceras.[1] It has been argued that these extinct species did not have true ossicones; however, later research has revealed their ossicones to be in line with those of giraffids. Ossicones are located dorsal to the frontal bone and fuse to the skull later in life.[2]Ossicones are similar to the horns of antelopes and cattle, except that they are derived from ossified cartilage rather than living bone,[3] and that the ossicones remain covered in skin and fur, rather than horny keratin. Antlers (such as on deer) are derived from bone tissue: when mature, the skin and fur covering of the antlers, termed "velvet", is sloughed and scraped off to expose the bone of the antlers. Ossicones are present at birth; however, they lie flat and are not attached to the skull as to avoid injury at birth.[4] Male and female ossicones vary in structure and purpose. Males typically have thicker ossicones that become bald on top due to frequent necking. These ossicones also add weight to the giraffe's head allowing them to deliver heavier, sometimes fatal, blows. The added weight is an evolutionary trait bred from necessity. The addition of ossicones also leads to other evolutionary adaptations like heavy hides and specialized dermal shields.[5] References1. ^Hadar Picture Gallery. An ossicone of the extinct, giant, short-necked giraffe. University of Washington.
2. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1381645 |jstor=1381645 |title=Prevalence of Ossicones in Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=845–8 |year=1988 |last1=Solounias |first1=N }}
3. ^{{cite web|title=The Nashville Zoo at Grassmere – Animals :: Masai Giraffe|publisher=Nashville Zoo at Grassmere|date=30 Jun 2008|url=http://www.nashvillezoo.org/animals_detail.asp?animalID=12|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20080630033712/http://www.nashvillezoo.org/animals_detail.asp?animalID=12|archivedate=2008-06-30|deadurl=yes|df=}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://giraffeconservation.org/faqs/|title=FAQs - GiraffeConservation.org|work=GiraffeConservation.org|access-date=2018-04-26|language=en-US}}
5. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1163/156853966x00155 |title=The Evolution of Horn-Like Organs |journal=Behaviour |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=175–214 |year=1966 |last1=Geist |first1=Valerius }}
Further reading- {{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Sukuan |first2=Melinda |last2=Danowitz |first3=John |last3=Sammis |first4=Nikos |last4=Solounias |title=Dead ossicones, and other characters describing Palaeotraginae (Giraffidae; Mammalia) based on new material from Gansu, Central China |journal=Zitteliana |year=2014 |volume=32 |pages=91–8 |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22389/ }}
- {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1382004 |jstor=1382004 |title=Evidence for the Presence of Ossicones in Giraffokeryx punjabiensis (Giraffidae, Mammalia) |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=215–7 |year=1991 |last1=Solounias |first1=N |last2=Moelleken |first2=S. M. C }}
- {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-8966-8_5 |chapter=Cranial Appendages of Giraffoidea |title=Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers |pages=180–94 |year=1990 |last1=Churcher |first1=Charles S |isbn=978-1-4613-8968-2 }}
- {{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0938 |jstor=41315010 |pmid=21733893 |pmc=3151718 |laysummary=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110706093912.htm |laysource=ScienceDaily |laydate=July 10, 2010 |title=Evolution of ruminant headgear: A review |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1720 |pages=2857–65 |year=2011 |last1=Davis |first1=E. B |last2=Brakora |first2=K. A |last3=Lee |first3=A. H }}
- {{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185139 |pmid=28926638 |pmc=5605118 |title=The earliest ossicone and post-cranial record of Giraffa |journal=PLOS One |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=e0185139 |year=2017 |last1=Danowitz |first1=Melinda |last2=Barry |first2=John C |last3=Solounias |first3=Nikos }}
- {{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185378 |pmid=29091914 |pmc=5665556 |laysummary=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/11/giraffe-ancestor-didn-t-have-long-neck-two-sets-horns |laysource=Science |laydate=November 2, 2017 |title=A new giraffid (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Pecora) from the late Miocene of Spain, and the evolution of the sivathere-samothere lineage |journal=PLOS One |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=e0185378 |year=2017 |last1=Ríos |first1=María |last2=Sánchez |first2=Israel M |last3=Morales |first3=Jorge }}
{{Eventoedungulate-stub}} 1 : Mammal anatomy |