| 词条 | Otto Kumm |
| 释义 |
|name= Otto Kumm |birth_date={{birth date|1909|10|1|df=y}} |death_date= {{death date and age|2004|3|23|1909|10|1|df=y}} |image=Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Zschaeckel-195-21, Otto Krumm.jpg |caption= |birth_place=Hamburg, German Empire |death_place=Germany |placeofburial= |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch= Waffen SS |serviceyears=1934–45 | rank = SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen-SS |servicenumber = |commands=SS Division Prinz Eugen SS Division Leibstandarte |unit= |battles=World War II |awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |laterwork=Founder of HIAG }} Otto Kumm (1 October 1909 – 23 March 2004) was a German divisional commander in the Waffen-SS during World War II and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. After the war, he became one of the founders of HIAG, a lobby group and a revisionist organization of former Waffen-SS members. SS careerBorn in 1909 into a family of a merchant in Hamburg, Kumm trained as a typesetter and worked at a newspaper. On 1 June 1934, Kumm joined the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS Dispositional Troops) and on 1 July received his first training with the SS-Standarte "Germania" in Hamburg.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=70}} Kumm commanded the Der Führer Regiment of the SS Division Das Reich from July 1941 to April 1943. This regiment was nearly destroyed in the Soviet offensive of January 1942, when it was reduced to 35 men out of the 2,000 that had started the campaign in June 1941.{{sfn|Flaherty|2004|p=168}} Kumm was a commander of the SS Division Prinz Eugen from 30 January 1944 until 20 January 1945 and then was appointed the new division commander of the SS Division Leibstandarte (LSSAH) as of 15 February 1945, after the division's commander Wilhelm Mohnke was wounded.{{sfn|Fischer|2008|p=41}} As the division commander, Kumm and the LSSAH took part in Operation Spring Awakening (6 March 1945 – 16 March 1945), the last major German offensive launched during World War II. The Germans launched attacks in Hungary near the Lake Balaton area on the Eastern Front. Soviet intelligence identified large German tank formations in western Hungary and developed a successful counterattack strategy. After the failure of Operation Spring Awakening, Sepp Dietrich's 6th SS Panzer Army and the LSSAH retreated to the Vienna area.{{sfn|Dollinger|1968|p=199}} After Vienna fell to the Red Army in the Vienna Offensive, the bulk of the LSSAH division surrendered to U.S. forces in the Steyr area on 8 May 1945. Kumm was held at the Dachau internment camp administered by the US Army. Kumm avoided extradition to Yugoslavia to stand trial for war crimes by fleeing over the wall of the camp.{{sfn|Kumm|1995|p=273}} Activities within HIAG{{Main|HIAG}}After the war, Otto Kumm was denazified and became a businessman. Kumm was a founder and the first head of the Waffen-SS veterans' organization HIAG, established in 1951 to lobby for the cause of the Waffen-SS historical rehabilitation and restoration of their rights to post-war pensions.{{sfn|Large|1987|p=82}} As the organization's chairman and its first spokesperson, Kumm set the tone for the rhetoric that was reflected in its publications and public discourse. In 1952, Otto Kumm published an editorial in the in-house magazine Wiking-Ruf ("Viking Call") outlining the organization's grievances:{{sfn|Steiner|1975|p=278}} Even during the war, and especially after the war, infamous and lying propagandists have been able to make use of all the unfortunate events connected to the Third Reich and also with the SS to destroy and drag through the mud all of what was and is sacred to us. [...] Let us be clear about it: the [Allied] battle was directed not only the authoritarian regime of the Third Reich, but, above all, against the resurgence of the strength of the German people. At least through the 1970s, Kumm remained "the ever unreformed Nazi enthusiast" according to researcher Danny S. Parker, who was given access to the previously closed HIAG archives.{{sfn|Parker|2014|p=215}} Perceived by the West German government to be a Nazi organization, HIAG was disbanded in 1992.{{sfn|Levenda|2014|p=167}} Kumm died on 23 March 2004. Works
Awards
ReferencesCitationsBibliography{{Refbegin|30em}}
|last=Berger |first=Florian |year=1999 |title=Mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern. Die höchstdekorierten Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges |trans-title=With Oak Leaves and Swords. The Highest Decorated Soldiers of the Second World War |language=German |location=Vienna, Austria |publisher=Selbstverlag Florian Berger |isbn=978-3-9501307-0-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=Dollinger |first=Hans |year=1968 |title=The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan |location=New York |publisher=Crown Publishers |oclc=712594 |ref=harv }}
|last=Fischer |first=Thomas |year=2008 |title=Soldiers of the Leibstandarte |location=Winnipeg |publisher=J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing |isbn=978-0-921991-91-5 |ref=harv }}
|last=Large |first=David C. |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume= 59 |issue= 1 |year=1987 |title=Reckoning without the Past: The HIAG of the Waffen-SS and the Politics of Rehabilitation in the Bonn Republic, 1950–1961 |location= |publisher=University of Chicago Press |jstor=1880378 |pages=79–113 |ref = harv |doi=10.1086/243161 }}
|last=Levenda |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Levenda |year=2014 |title=The Hitler Legacy: The Nazi Cult in Diaspora: How it was Organized, How it was Funded, and Why it Remains a Threat to Global Security in the Age of Terrorism |location= |publisher=Ibis Press |isbn=978-0892542109 |ref=harv }}
|last=Parker |first=Danny S. |authorlink= |year=2014 |title=Hitler's Warrior: The Life and Wars of SS Colonel Jochen Peiper |location= |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0306821547 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Patzwall |first1=Klaus D. |last2=Scherzer |first2=Veit |year=2001 |title=Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II |trans-title=The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2 |language=German |location=Norderstedt, Germany |publisher=Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall |isbn=978-3-931533-45-8 |ref=harv }}
|last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=German |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Steiner |first=John Michael |authorlink= |year=1975 |title=Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation Into Mass Destruction |location= |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-9027976512 |ref=harv }}
|last=Stockert |first=Peter |year=1997 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 3 |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 3 |language=German |location=Bad Friedrichshall, Germany |publisher=Friedrichshaller Rundblick |isbn=978-3-932915-01-7 |ref=harv }}
|last=Thomas |first=Franz |year=1997 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K |language=German |location=Osnabrück, Germany |publisher=Biblio-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7648-2299-6 |ref=harv }}{{Refend}}{{s-start}}{{s-mil}}{{succession box| before=SS-Brigadeführer Karl Reichsritter von Oberkamp| after=SS-Brigadeführer August Schmidthuber| title= Commander of 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen| years=30 January 1944 – 20 January 1945 }}{{succession box| before=SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke| after=none| title= Commander of 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler| years=6 February 1945 – 8 May 1945 }}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Biography | portal2=Military of Germany | portal3=World War II | commons=y }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumm, Otto}} 9 : 1909 births|2004 deaths|People from Hamburg|SS-Brigadeführer|Recipients of the Gold German Cross|Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords|German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States|Recipients of the Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir|Waffen-SS personnel |
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