“Outline of astronomy”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Outline of astronomy

释义

Nature of astronomy
Branches of astronomy
History of astronomy
Basic astronomical phenomena
Astronomical objects
Solar System Sun Planets Small Solar System bodies Extrasolar planets Stars and stellar objects Stars Variable stars Supernovae Black holes Constellations The 88 modern constellations Constellation history The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo Navis Clusters and nebulae Galaxies Cosmology Space exploration Organizations Public sector space agencies Africa North Africa Sub-Saharan Americas North America South America Asia East Asia Southeast Asia South Asia Southwest Asia Central Asia Europe Oceania World Books and publications
Astronomers
See also
References
External links

{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to astronomy}}

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy:

Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation).

Nature of astronomy

Astronomy can be described as all the following:

An academic discipline: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies it
- A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods.
- A branch or field of space science
A hobby or part-time pursuit for the satisfaction of personal curiosity or appreciation of beauty, the latter especially including astrophotography.

Branches of astronomy

Astrobiology – studies the advent and evolution of biological systems in the universe.
Astrophysics – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior.^[1] Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background; and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are:
- Compact objects – this subdiscipline studies very dense matter in white dwarfs and neutron stars and their effects on environments including accretion.
- Physical cosmology – origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale.
- Computational astrophysics – The study of astrophysics using computational methods and tools to develop computational models.
- Galactic astronomy – deals with the structure and components of our galaxy and of other galaxies.
- High energy astrophysics – studies phenomena occurring at high energies including active galactic nuclei, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, quasars, and shocks.
- Interstellar astrophysics – study of the interstellar medium, intergalactic medium and dust.
- Extragalactic astronomy – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our galaxy, including Galaxy formation and evolution.
- Stellar astronomy – concerned with Star formation, physical properties, main sequence life span, variability, stellar evolution and extinction.
- Plasma astrophysics – studies properties of plasma in outer space.
- Relativistic astrophysics – studies effects of special relativity and general relativity in astrophysical contexts including gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and black holes.
- Solar physics – Sun and its interaction with the remainder of the Solar System and interstellar space.
Planetary Science – study of planets, moons, and planetary systems.
- Atmospheric science – study of atmospheres and weather.
- Exoplanetology – various planets outside of the Solar System
- Planetary formation – formation of planets and moons in the context of the formation and evolution of the Solar System.
- Planetary rings – dynamics, stability, and composition of planetary rings
- Magnetospheres – magnetic fields of planets and moons
- Planetary surfaces – surface geology of planets and moons
- Planetary interiors – interior composition of planets and moons
- Small Solar System bodies – smallest gravitationally bound bodies, including asteroids, comets, and Kuiper belt objects.
Astronomy divided by general technique used for astronomical research:
- Astrometry – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the kinematics of objects in our galaxy.
- Observational astronomy – practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. It is concerned with recording data. The subdisciplines of observational astronomy are generally made by the specifications of the detectors:
- Radio astronomy – Above 300 µm
- Submillimetre astronomy – 200 µm to 1 mm
- Infrared astronomy – 0.7–350 µm
- Optical astronomy – 380–750 nm
- Ultraviolet astronomy – 10–320 nm
- X-ray astronomy – 0.01–10 nm
- Gamma-ray astronomy – Below 0.01 nm
- Cosmic ray astronomy – Cosmic rays, including plasma
- Neutrino astronomy – Neutrinos
- Gravitational wave astronomy – Gravitons
- Photometry – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters
- Spectroscopy – study of the spectra of astronomical objects
Other disciplines that may be considered part of astronomy:
- Archaeoastronomy
- Astrochemistry

History of astronomy

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}History of astronomy

History of the Center of the Universe
- Geocentric model
- Heliocentrism
- Copernican heliocentrism
- Tychonic system
Archaeoastronomy
- Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology
Pretelescopic astronomy
- Babylonian astronomy
- Chinese astronomy
- Egyptian astronomy
- Greek astronomy
- Hebrew astronomy
- Indian astronomy
- Islamic astronomy
- Russian astronomy
- Astronomy in the Middle Ages
- Science in Medieval Western Europe
- Astronomy in medieval Islam
History of astronomy in the Renaissance
- Scientific developments during the Scientific Revolution
- Patronage in astronomy
- Copernican Revolution
- Copernican heliocentrism
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
- Tycho Brahe
- Tychonic system
- Galileo Galilei
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems defense of the heliocentric system written by Galileo, which led to his trial and house arrest by the Inquisition.
- Invention of the telescope
- History of visible-light astronomy
History of astronomy in the Age of Reflection
Radio astronomy#History of radio astronomy
History of X-ray astronomy
History of infrared astronomy
History of gamma-ray astronomy
History of supernova observation
- List of supernovae

Basic astronomical phenomena

Atmosphere
Celestial pole
Eclipse
Ecliptic
Cosmic rays
Kepler's laws
Doppler effect
Nutation
Orbit
Perturbation
Precession
Proper motion
Redshift
Solar eclipse
Tides
Zodiac

Astronomical objects

Astronomical object

Solar System

Solar System
Geology of solar terrestrial planets
List of Solar System objects
- List of Solar System objects by size
Galilean satellites
Halley's comet

Sun

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}Sun

Location
- Milky Way
- Solar System
Stellar classification
- Stellar classification#Class G
Internal structure
- Standard Solar Model
- Solar core
- Radiation zone
- Convection zone
Stellar atmosphere
- Photosphere
- Supergranulation
- Granule
- Facula
- Sunspot
- Chromosphere
- Plage
- Spicule
- Moreton wave
- Corona
- Solar transition region
- Coronal hole
- Coronal loop
- Coronal mass ejection
- Solar prominence
- Helmet streamer
Solar variation
- Solar cycle
- List of solar cycles
- Solar maximum
- Solar minimum
- Wolf number
- Solar flare
- Helioseismology
Heliosphere
- Solar wind
- Heliospheric current sheet
- Heliosphere#Termination shock
- Heliosphere#Heliosheath
- Heliosphere#Heliopause
- Bow shock
Related phenomena
- Solar dynamo
- Solar eclipse
- Sunlight
- Solar energy
Equipment used to study the Sun
- Solar telescope

Planets

Planet
- Features
- Natural satellites (moons)
- Planetary rings
Planets of the Solar System
- Mercury
- Venus
- Earth
- Moon
- Mars
- Moons of Mars
- Jupiter
- Moons of Jupiter
- Rings of Jupiter
- Saturn
- Moons of Saturn
- Rings of Saturn
- Uranus
- Moons of Uranus
- Rings of Uranus
- Neptune
- Moons of Neptune
- Rings of Neptune
Dwarf planets of the Solar System
- Ceres
- Pluto
- Moons of Pluto
- Haumea
- Moons of Haumea
- Makemake
- Eris
- Dysnomia

Small Solar System bodies

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}Small Solar System body

Asteroids
- Minor planets
- Category:Asteroid groups and families
- Vulcanoid asteroids
- Near-Earth asteroids
- Asteroid belt
- Trojan asteroid
- Centaur
- Neptune Trojans
- Minor planet moons
- Meteoroids
- 2 Pallas
- 3 Juno
- 4 Vesta
- 10 Hygiea
- List of asteroids
- Meanings of asteroid names
Trans-Neptunian objects
- Kuiper belt
- Plutinos
- 90482 Orcus
- 28978 Ixion
- Cubewanos
- {{mpl-|55637|2002 UX|25}}
- 20000 Varuna
- {{mpl-|15760| 1992 QB|1}}
- {{mpl-|55636|2002 TX|300}}
- 50000 Quaoar
- 38628 Huya
- {{mpl-|55565|2002 AW|197}}
- Scattered disc
- {{mpl-|84522|2002 TC|302}}
- {{mpl|2004 XR|190}}
- 90377 Sedna
- Comets
- List of periodic comets
- List of non-periodic comets
- Damocloids
- Hills cloud
- Oort cloud

Extrasolar planets

Extrasolar planet – planet outside the Solar System. A total of 899 such planets (in 698 planetary systems, including 133 multiple planetary systems) have been identified as of 27 June 2013.
- Super-Earth –

Stars and stellar objects

Stars

Stellar evolution
- Star formation
- Pre–main sequence
- Main sequence
- Horizontal branch
- Asymptotic giant branch
- Dredge-up
- Instability strip
- Red clump
- PG 1159 star
- Mira variable
- Planetary nebula
- Protoplanetary nebula
- Luminous red nova
- Luminous blue variable
- Wolf–Rayet star
- Supernova impostor
- Supernova
- Hypernova
- Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
- Color–color diagram
Protostars
- Molecular cloud
- H II region
- Bok globule
- Young stellar object
- Herbig–Haro object
- Hayashi track
- Hayashi limit
- Henyey track
- Orion variable
- T Tauri star
- FU Orionis star
- Herbig Ae/Be
Luminosity class
- Subdwarf star
- Dwarf star
- Blue dwarf
- Red dwarf
- Subgiant
- Giant star
- Blue giant
- Red giant
- Bright giant
- Supergiant
- Blue supergiant
- Red supergiant
- Yellow supergiant
- Hypergiant
- Yellow hypergiant
- Blue straggler
Stellar classification
- O-type main-sequence star
- B-type main-sequence star
- A-type main-sequence star
- F-type main-sequence star
- G-type main-sequence star
- K-type main-sequence star
- M-type main-sequence star
- Be star
- OB star
- Subdwarf B star
- Late-type star
- Peculiar star
- Am star
- Ap and Bp stars
- Rapidly oscillating Ap star
- Barium star
- Carbon star
- CH star
- Extreme helium star
- Lambda Boötis star
- Lead star
- Mercury-manganese star
- S-type star
- Shell star
- Technetium star
Remnants
- White dwarf
- Black dwarf
- Helium planet
- Neutron star
- Pulsar
- Magnetar
- Stellar black hole
- Compact star
- Quark star
- Exotic star
- Stellar core: EF Eridani
Failed and theoretical stars
- Substellar object
- Brown dwarf
- Sub-brown dwarf
- Planetar
- Boson star
- Dark star
- Quasistar
- Thorne–Żytkow object
- Iron star
Stellar nucleosynthesis
- Alpha process
- Triple-alpha process
- Proton–proton chain reaction
- Helium flash
- CNO cycle
- Lithium burning
- Carbon-burning process
- Neon-burning process
- Oxygen-burning process
- Silicon-burning process
- S-process
- R-process
- Fusor
- Nova
- Nova remnant
Stellar structure
- Solar core
- Convection zone
- Microturbulence
- Solar-like oscillations
- Radiation zone
- Photosphere
- Starspot
- Chromosphere
- Corona
- Stellar wind
- Stellar-wind bubble
- Asteroseismology
- Eddington luminosity
- Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
Properties
- Star designation
- Stellar dynamics
- Effective temperature
- Stellar kinematics
- Stellar magnetic field
- Magnitude
- Absolute magnitude
- Solar mass
- Metallicity
- Stellar rotation
- UBV photometric system
- Variable star
Star systems
- Binary star
- Contact binary
- Common envelope
- Multiple star
- Accretion disc
- Planetary system
- Earth's Solar System
Earth-centric observation of stars
- Pole star
- Circumpolar star
- Magnitude
- Apparent magnitude
- Photographic magnitude
- color-color diagram
- Radial velocity
- Proper motion
- Parallax#Stellar parallax
- Photometric-standard star
Lists of stars
- List of proper names of stars
- List of Arabic star names
- Traditional Chinese star names
- List of most massive stars
- List of least massive stars
- List of largest known stars
- List of brightest stars
- Historical brightest stars
- List of most luminous stars
- List of nearest stars
- List of nearest bright stars
- List of exoplanetary host stars
- List of brown dwarfs
- List of planetary nebulae
- List of novae
- List of supernovae
- List of supernova remnants
- List of supernova candidates
- Timeline of stellar astronomy

Variable stars

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}Variable star

Pulsating
- Cepheids and cepheid-like
- Cepheid variable
- Type II Cepheids
- RR Lyrae variable
- Delta Scuti variable
- SX Phoenicis variable
- Blue-white with early spectra
- Beta Cephei variable
- PV Telescopii variable
- Long Period and Semiregular
- Mira variable
- Semiregular variable
- Slow irregular variable
- Other
- RV Tauri variable
- Alpha Cygni variable
- Pulsating white dwarf
Eruptive
- Pre-main sequence star
- Herbig Ae/Be
- Orion variable
- FU Orionis star
- Main Sequence
- Wolf-Rayet star
- Flare star
- Giants and supergiants
- Luminous blue variable
- Gamma Cassiopeiae variable
- R Coronae Borealis variable
- Eruptive binary
- RS Canum Venaticorum variable
- Cataclysmic or explosive
- Cataclysmic variable star
- Dwarf nova
- Nova
- Supernova
- Z Andromedae
Rotating
- Non-spherical
- Ellipsoidal
- Stellar spots
- FK Comae Berenices
- BY Draconis variable
- Magnetic fields
- Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable
- SX Arietis
- Pulsar
Eclipsing binary
- Algol variable
- Beta Lyrae variable
- W Ursae Majoris variable

Supernovae

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}Supernova

Classes
- Type Ia supernova
- Type Ib and Ic supernovae
- Type II (IIP and IIL)
Related
- Near-Earth supernova
- Supernova impostor
- Hypernova
- Quark-nova
- Pulsar kicks
Structure
- Pair-instability supernova
- Supernova nucleosynthesis
- P-process
- R-process
- Gamma-ray burst
- Carbon detonation
Progenitors
- Luminous blue variable
- Wolf–Rayet star
- Supergiant
- Blue supergiant
- Red supergiant
- Yellow supergiant
- Hypergiant
- Yellow hypergiant
- White dwarf
Remnants
- Supernova remnant
- Neutron star
- Pulsar
- Magnetar
- Stellar black hole
- Compact star
- Supergiant
- Quark star
- Exotic star
Discovery
- Guest star
- History of supernova observation
- Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
Notable
- List of supernovae
- List of supernova remnants
- List of supernova candidates
- List of most massive stars
- Supernovae in fiction
- SN 1054
- Supergiant
- Crab Nebula
- Tycho's
- Kepler's
- SN 1987A
- SN 185
- SN 1006
- SN 2003fg
- Vela Supernova Remnant
- Remnant G1.9+0.3
- SN 2007bi
Research
- Supernova Cosmology Project
- High-z Supernova Search Team
- Texas Supernova Search
- Nearby Supernova Factory
- Supernova Legacy Survey
- Supernova Early Warning System
- Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
- Supernova/Acceleration Probe
- Sloan Digital Sky Survey#Sloan Supernova Survey

Black holes

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}Black hole

Types
- Schwarzschild metric
- Rotating black hole
- Charged black hole
- Virtual black hole
Size
- Micro black hole
- Extremal black hole (Black hole electron)
- Stellar black hole
- Intermediate-mass black hole
- Supermassive black hole
- Quasar
- Active galactic nucleus
- Blazar
Formation
- Stellar evolution
- Gravitational collapse
- Neutron star (neutron star)
- Compact star
- Quark star
- Exotic star
- Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
- White dwarf (white dwarf)
- Supernova (supernovae)
- Hypernova
- Gamma-ray burst
Properties
- Black hole thermodynamics
- Schwarzschild radius
- M-sigma relation
- Event horizon
- Quasi-periodic oscillation
- Photon sphere
- Ergosphere
- Hawking radiation
- Penrose process
- Bondi accretion
- Spaghettification
- Gravitational lens
Models
- Gravitational singularity (Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems)
- Primordial black hole
- Gravastar
- Dark star
- Dark energy star
- Black star
- Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
- Fuzzball
- White hole
- Naked singularity
- Ring singularity
- Immirzi parameter
- Membrane paradigm
- Kugelblitz
- Wormhole
- Quasistar
Issues
- No-hair theorem
- Black hole information paradox
- Cosmic censorship hypothesis
- Nonsingular black hole models
- Holographic principle
- Black hole complementarity
Metrics
- Schwarzschild metric
- Kerr metric
- Reissner–Nordström
- Kerr–Newman
Related
- List of black holes
- Timeline of black hole physics
- Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
- Hypercompact stellar system

Constellations

Constellation

The 88 modern constellations

Andromeda
Antlia
Apus
Aquarius
Aquila
Ara
Aries
Auriga
Boötes
Caelum
Camelopardalis
Cancer
Canes Venatici
Canis Major
Canis Minor
Capricornus
Carina
Cassiopeia
Centaurus
Cepheus
Cetus
Chamaeleon
Circinus
Columba
Coma Berenices
Corona Australis
Corona Borealis
Corvus
Crater
Crux
Cygnus
Delphinus
Dorado
Draco
Equuleus
Eridanus
Fornax
Gemini
Grus
Hercules
Horologium
Hydra
Hydrus
Indus
Lacerta
Leo
Leo Minor
Lepus
Libra
Lupus
Lynx
Lyra
Mensa
Microscopium
Monoceros
Musca
Norma
Octans
Ophiuchus
Orion
Pavo
Pegasus
Perseus
Phoenix
Pictor
Pisces
Piscis Austrinus
Puppis
Pyxis
Reticulum
Sagitta
Sagittarius
Scorpius
Sculptor
Scutum
Serpens
Sextans
Taurus
Telescopium
Triangulum
Triangulum Australe
Tucana
Ursa Major
Ursa Minor
Vela
Virgo
Volans
Vulpecula

Constellation history

The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD

Andromeda
Aquarius
Aquila
Ara
Argo Navis
Aries
Auriga
Boötes
Cancer
Canis Major
Canis Minor
Capricornus
Cassiopeia
Centaurus
Cepheus
Cetus
Corona Australis
Corona Borealis
Corvus
Crater
Cygnus
Delphinus
Draco
Equuleus
Eridanus
Gemini
Hercules
Hydra
Leo
Lepus
Libra
Lupus
Lyra
Ophiuchus
Orion
Pegasus
Perseus
Pisces
Piscis Austrinus
Sagitta
Sagittarius
Scorpius
Serpens
Taurus
Triangulum
Ursa Major
Ursa Minor
Virgo

The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries

Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c: Crux
Triangulum Australe ▶ Vopel 1536: Coma Berenices ▶ Keyser & de Houtman 1596: Apus
Chamaeleon
Dorado
Grus
Hydrus
Indus
Musca
Pavo
Phoenix
Tucana
Volans ▶ Plancius 1613: Camelopardalis
Columba
Monoceros ▶ Habrecht 1621: Reticulum ▶ Hevelius 1683: Canes Venatici
Lacerta
Leo Minor
Lynx
Scutum
Sextans
Vulpecula ▶ de Lacaille 1763: Antlia
Caelum
Carina
Circinus
Fornax
Horologium
Mensa
Microscopium
Norma
Octans
Pictor
Puppis
Pyxis
Sculptor
Telescopium
Vela

Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo Navis

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo NavisAnser

Antinous
Argo Navis
Asterion
Cancer Minor
Cerberus
Chara
Custos Messium
Felis
Frederici Honores/Gloria Frederici
Gallus
Globus Aerostaticus
Jordanus
Lochium Funis
Machina Electrica
Malus
Mons Maenalus
Musca Borealis
Noctua
Officina Typographica
Polophylax
Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii
Quadrans Muralis
Ramus Pomifer
Robur Carolinum
Sceptrum Brandenburgicum
Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae
Solarium
Rangifer/Tarandus
Taurus Poniatovii
Telescopium Herschelii
Testudo
Tigris
Triangulum Minus
Turdus Solitarius
Vespa
Vultur cadens
Vultur volans

Clusters and nebulae

Interstellar matter
Nebula
Crab Nebula
H I region
H II region
Orion nebula
Planetary nebula
Pleiades

Galaxies

Galaxy
Andromeda Galaxy
Magellanic Clouds
Quasar

Cosmology

Big Bang
Cosmic microwave background
Cosmos
Dark matter
Cosmic distance ladder
Hubble constant
Olber's paradox
Universe

Space exploration

See: Outline of space exploration

Organizations

Public sector space agencies

Space agencies

Africa

North Africa

{{flagicon|ALG|size=15px}} Algerian Space Agency
{{flagicon|EGY|size=15px}} National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences
Egypt Remote Sensing Center
{{flagicon|MAR|size=15px}} Royal Centre for Remote Sensing
{{flagicon|TUN|size=15px}} National Remote Sensing Center

Sub-Saharan

{{flagicon|NGA|size=15px}} National Space Research and Development Agency
{{flagicon|RSA|size=15px}} South African National Space Agency

Americas

North America

{{flagicon|CAN|size=15px}} Canadian Space Agency
{{flagicon|MEX|size=15px}} Agencia Espacial Mexicana
{{flagicon|USA|size=15px}} United States Department of Defense (Air Force Space Command
National Reconnaissance Office
United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command
Transformational Communications Office
United States Strategic Command)
NASA

South America

{{flagicon|ARG|size=15px}} Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales
{{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}} Brazilian Space Agency
Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology
National Institute for Space Research
Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
{{flagicon|CHL|size=15px}} Agencia Chilena del Espacio
{{flagicon|COL|size=15px}} Colombian Space Commission
{{flagicon|PER|size=15px}} National Commission for Aerospace Research & Development
{{flagicon|URU|size=15px}} Aeronautics & Space Research and Diffusion Center
{{flagicon|VEN|size=15px}} Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas

Asia

East Asia

{{flagicon|PRC|size=15px}} China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology
China Academy of Space Technology
China Chang Feng
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense)
China National Space Administration
{{flagicon|JPN|size=15px}} Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan
National Space Development Agency of Japan)
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
Institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer
{{flagicon|MGL|size=15px}} National Remote Sensing Center
{{flagicon|PRK|size=15px}} Korean Committee of Space Technology
{{flagicon|KOR|size=15px}} Korea Aerospace Research Institute
{{flagicon|ROC|size=15px}} National Space Organization

Southeast Asia

{{flagicon|IDN|size=15px}} National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
{{flagicon|MYS|size=15px}} Malaysian National Space Agency
{{flagicon|PHL|size=15px}} Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
{{flagicon|THA|size=15px}} Thai Ministry of Science and Technology's Space Agency
{{flagicon|VIE|size=15px}} Space Technology Institute
Vietnam Space Commission

South Asia

{{flagicon|BAN|size=15px}} Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization
{{flagicon|IND|size=15px}} Indian Space Research Organisation (Antrix Corporation
Department of Space)
{{flagicon|PAK|size=15px}} Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
{{flagicon|SRI|size=15px}} Sri Lanka Aeronautics and Space Agency

Southwest Asia

{{flagicon|AZE|size=15px}} Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency{{smallsup|1}}
{{flagicon|IRN|size=15px}} Iran Aviation Industries Organization
Iranian Space Agency
{{flagicon|ISR|size=15px}} Israel Space Agency
National Committee for Space Research
{{flagicon|TUR|size=15px}} TÜBİTAK UZAY

Central Asia

{{flagicon|KAZ|size=15px}} KazCosmos
Kazakh Space Research Institute{{smallsup|1}}
{{flagicon|TKM|size=15px}} Turkmenistan National Space Agency{{smallsup|1}}
{{flagicon|UZB|size=15px}} UzbekCosmos{{smallsup|1}}

Europe

{{flagicon|AUT|size=15px}} Austrian Space Agency
{{flagicon|BLR|size=15px}} Belarus Space Agency{{smallsup|1}}
{{flagicon|BEL|size=15px}} Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
{{flagicon|BUL|size=15px}} Bulgarian Space Agency
{{flagicon|CZE|size=15px}} Czech Space Office
{{flagicon|DEN|size=15px}} Danish National Space Center
esa European Cooperation for Space Standardization
European Space Agency
{{flagicon|EU|size=15px}} EUMETSAT
European Union Satellite Centre
{{flagicon|FRA|size=15px}} CNES
{{flagicon|GER|size=15px}} German Aerospace Center
{{flagicon|GRE|size=15px}} Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing
{{flagicon|HUN|size=15px}} Hungarian Space Office
{{flagicon|IRL|size=15px}} Space Ireland
{{flagicon|ITA|size=15px}} Italian Space Agency
{{flagicon|LTU|size=15px}} Space Science and Technology Institute{{smallsup|1}}
{{flagicon|LUX|size=15px}} Luxinnovation
{{flagicon|NLD|size=15px}} Netherlands Institute for Space Research
{{flagicon|NOR|size=15px}} Norwegian Space Centre
{{flagicon|POL|size=15px}} Space Research Centre
{{flagicon|POR|size=15px}} Portuguese Space Company
{{flagicon|ROU|size=15px}} Romanian Space Agency
{{flagicon|RUS|size=15px}} Russian Federal Space Agency{{smallsup|1}}
Russian Space Research Institute{{smallsup|1}}
Russian Space Forces
{{flagicon|URS|size=15px}} Soviet space program
{{flagicon|Spain|size=15px}} Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
{{flagicon|SWE|size=15px}} Swedish National Space Board
{{flagicon|SUI|size=15px}} Swiss Space Office
{{flagicon|UK|size=15px}} UK Space Agency
{{flagicon|UKR|size=15px}} State Space Agency of Ukraine{{smallsup|1}}

Oceania

{{flagicon|AUS|size=15px}} Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

World

Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
Committee on Space Research
International Academy of Astronautics
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
Intercosmos
Intersputnik
{{flagicon|Arab League|size=15px}} Pan-Arab Space Agency
{{flagicon|UN|size=15px}} United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

{{See also|Timeline of first orbital launches by country}}{{smallsup|1}} Preceded by the Soviet space program

Books and publications

Almagest
Astronomia Nova
Astronomical Journal
Astrophysical Journal
BD Catalogue
De Revolutionibus
Henry Draper Catalogue
Messier Catalogue
New General Catalogue
Principia

Astronomers

Walter Baade
Friedrich Bessel
Tycho Brahe
Annie Jump Cannon
Alvan Clark
Nicholas Copernicus
Galileo
George Ellery Hale
William Herschel
Edwin Hubble
Jacobus Kapteyn
Johannes Kepler
Gerard Kuiper
Henrietta Leavitt
Isaac Newton
Edward C. Pickering
Ptolemy
Henry Norris Russell
Harlow Shapley

References

1. ^{{cite web | title=astrophysics | publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/astrophysics | accessdate=2011-05-22 }}

External links

Astronomy Guide For reviews on astronomy products, how-to's and current events.
Astronomy Net Resources, forums (from 1995), articles on Astronomy.
International Year of Astronomy 2009 IYA2009 Main website
Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology from the American Institute of Physics
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Southern Hemisphere Astronomy
Sky & Telescope publishers
Astronomy Magazine
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195741/http://www.astrolink.ir/en/ Latest astronomy news in 11 languages]
Universe Today for astronomy and space-related news
Celestia Motherlode Educational site for Astronomical journeys through space
[https://web.archive.org/web/20061018205032/http://www.astrofind.net/ Search Engine for Astronomy]
Hubblesite.org - home of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope
Astronomy - A History - G. Forbes - 1909 (eLibrary Project - eLib Text){{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
(historical)
Prof. Sir Harry Kroto, NL, Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series. 8 Freeview Lectures provided by the Vega Science Trust.
Core books and core journals in Astronomy, from the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System

3 : Wikipedia outlines|Astronomy|Astronomy-related lists

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