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词条 Out-of-town shopping centres in the United Kingdom
释义

  1. England

     London  South East  Greater Manchester  Yorkshire  North East  South West  West Midlands 

  2. Scotland

  3. References

The impact of out-of-town shopping centres in the United Kingdom is studied in the context of urban planning,[1] town centre redevelopment,[2] the retail industry[3][4] and even public health and gender divides.[5] Due to its significance for these issues, it has been included in the school exam curriculum in geography.[6][7] There are only about sixteen out-of-town enclosed shopping centres in the United Kingdom (as opposed to open air retail parks, which do not count as shopping centres in British English, even though they do in American English). Under current policy, no more will be built. All other British shopping centres are in town and city centres.

In the 1960s and '70s, most town and city centres had seen the development of a major shopping precinct. Redditch, in Worcestershire, had the Kingfisher Shopping Centre; Birmingham had the Bull Ring Centre; Manchester, the Arndale Centre; Newcastle, the Eldon Square Shopping Centre and Leeds, the Merrion Centre.

Brent Cross, which opened in 1976, was the country's first out-of-town shopping centre.[8] Construction of later out-of-town centres was facilitated by removal of regulations under the Thatcher government.[1][2] In some cases such as Meadowhall in Sheffield (opened in 1990), they were built because of available land and labour due to the demise of the steel industry in the area. Similarly, the Metro Centre in Gateshead, Tyneside opened in the mid 1980s and was built on former swamp lands on the banks of the River Tyne. The Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester was built on the surplus land belonging to the Manchester Ship Canal. In the case of the White Rose Centre in Leeds, it was not due to industrial downfall that it was built, but high retail space prices in the city centre and available contaminated land, close to local motorways, of the right size, and unsuitable for house building. Had the Morley sewage works not come available it is unlikely such a centre would be in Leeds.{{cn|date=July 2018}}

England

London

  • Brent Cross, London[8]

South East

  • Bluewater, Greenhithe, Kent (serves London)[1][9]
  • Lakeside Shopping Centre, Thurrock, Essex[10]

Greater Manchester

  • Trafford Centre, Trafford, Greater Manchester[11]

Yorkshire

  • Meadowhall, Sheffield, South Yorkshire[11]
  • White Rose Centre, Leeds, West Yorkshire[11]

North East

  • Metro Centre, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear[1][10]

South West

  • Cribbs Causeway, near Bristol[12]

West Midlands

  • Merry Hill Shopping Centre — Developed during the 1980s mostly on land previously occupied by Round Oak Steelworks, it is often considered an out-of-town centre,[9][11] one which drew the retail market away from Dudley.[13] However, it is situated near the centre of the small town Brierley Hill, and there are actually plans for it to be integrated with the town centre in future developments.{{cn|date=July 2018}}

Scotland

  • Braehead, Renfrewshire near Glasgow[10]
  • The Gyle Shopping Centre, Edinburgh[14]
  • Silverburn Shopping Centre, Pollok, Glasgow[15]

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKYkAQAAMAAJ|title=Ground Control: Fear and Happiness in the Twenty-first-century City|last=Minton|first=Anna|date=2009|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780141033914|location=|pages=|language=en}}
2. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Lowe|first=Michelle|date=2016-07-02|title=The Regional Shopping Centre in the Inner City: A Study of Retail-led Urban Regeneration|journal=Urban Studies|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=449–470|doi=10.1080/00420980500035139}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/22/britain-us-out-of-town-shopping-is-dying|title=In Britain, like the US, the out-of-town shopping giants are dying {{!}} David Boyle|last=Boyle|first=David|date=2014-06-22|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://store.mintel.com/high-street-vs-out-of-town-shopping-uk-december-2010|title=High Street vs Out of Town Shopping - UK - 2010 : Consumer market research report|last=|first=|date=|website=Mintel|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-01-14}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lang|first=Tim|last2=Caraher|first2=Martin|date=2016-07-24|title=Access to healthy foods: part II. Food poverty and shopping deserts: what are the implications for health promotion policy and practice?|journal=Health Education Journal|language=en|volume=57|issue=3|pages=202–211|doi=10.1177/001789699805700303}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/geography/human_processes/changing_shopping_patterns/revision/3/|title=Changing shopping patterns|last=|first=|date=|website=KS3 Bitesize|publisher=BBC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-01-14}}
7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT54n6Lxl-kC|title=The New Wider World Coursemate for AQA B GCSE Geography|last=Evans|first=Lynda|date=2005-01-18|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=9780748790746|location=|pages=|language=en}}
8. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/reinvent-the-high-street/10003875/A-brief-history-of-the-shopping-centre.html|title=A brief history of the shopping centre|last=|first=|date=2013-04-19|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}
9. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-U62BQAAQBAJ|title=Town and Country Planning in the UK|last=Cullingworth|first=Barry|last2=Nadin|first2=Vincent|last3=Hart|first3=Trevor|last4=Davoudi|first4=Simin|last5=Pendlebury|first5=John|last6=Vigar|first6=Geoff|last7=Webb|first7=David|last8=Townshend|first8=Tim|date=2014-12-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317585640|language=en}}
10. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mj58AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Flagship Marketing: Concepts and Places|last=Kent|first=Tony|last2=Brown|first2=Reva|date=2009-03-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134076697|location=|pages=87|language=en}}
11. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-33462923|title=Bid to find Meadowhall's first shoppers|last=Potts|first=Lauren|date=2015-09-04|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-GB}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/jul/12/retail.oilandgascompanies|title=Trouble at t'mall: cost of driving puts out-of-town shopping out of style|last=Finch|first=Julia|date=2008-07-11|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ortuño Padilla|first=Armando|last2=Hermosilla|first2=Antonia Alarcón|last3=Ozores|first3=Olga Tomás|title=The impact of out-of-town shopping centres on town-centre retailers and employment: The case of the Region of Murcia|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264837716312479|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=65|pages=277–286|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.014|via=|year=2017}}
14. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IUsBgAAQBAJ|title=Shopping Environments|last=Coleman|first=Peter|date=2007-06-07|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136366512|language=en}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Khawaldah|first=Hamzah|last2=Birkin|first2=Mark|last3=Clarke|first3=Graham|date=2012|title=A review of two alternative retail impact assessment techniques: the case of Silverburn in Scotland|jstor=41349096|journal=The Town Planning Review|volume=83|issue=2|pages=233–260}}

3 : Lists of shopping malls|Shopping centres in the United Kingdom|Lists of buildings and structures in the United Kingdom
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