“Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Academy Award for Documentary Feature is an award for documentary films. In 1941, the first awards for feature-length documentaries were bestowed as Special Awards to Kukan and Target for Tonight.^[1] They have since been bestowed competitively each year, with the exception of 1946.

Winners and nominees

Following the Academy's practice, films are listed below by the award year (that is, the year they were released under the Academy's rules for eligibility). In practice, due to the limited nature of documentary distribution, a film may be released in different years in different venues, sometimes years after production is complete.

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2010s

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.documentary.org/magazine/drive-archive-academy-pushes-preserve-docs |title=The Drive to Archive: Academy Pushes to Preserve Docs |last=Fisher |first=Bob |date=2012 |website= |publisher=International Documentary Association |access-date=January 4, 2018 |quote=}}
2. ^In 1942, documentary features and short subjects competed together for Best Documentary. Four special awards were bestowed among the 25 nominees.
3. ^A preliminary list of eight films were announced as nominees, but the Documentary Award Committee subsequently narrowed the field to five titles included on the final ballot. The films that did not advance were: For God and Country (United States Army Pictorial Service), Silent Village (British Ministry of Information), and We've Come a Long, Long Way (Negro Marches On, Inc.).
4. ^Terminus was originally announced as a nominee, but the nomination was rescinded after it was discovered the film had been released prior to the eligibility period.
5. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ |title=The Official Academy Awards Database |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |access-date=January 4, 2018 |quote=}}
6. ^Young Americans, produced by Robert Cohn and Alex Grasshoff, won this award on April 14, 1969. On May 7, 1969, the win and nomination were rescinded after it was discovered the film had been released prior to the eligibility period. First runner-up Journey into Self was named the winner the following day.
7. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1976 | title=The 48th Academy Awards | accessdate=September 29, 2015}}
8. ^A tie in voting resulted in two winners.
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-oscars-2017-nominees-winners-list-20170123-story.html |title=Academy Awards 2017: Complete list of Oscar winners and nominees |author= |date=February 26, 2017 |website= |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=January 8, 2018 |quote=}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://deadline.com/2018/01/oscar-nominations-2018-academy-award-nominees-1202266874/ |title= Oscar Nominations: ‘The Shape Of Water’ Leads Way With 13 |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=January 23, 2018 |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=January 23, 2018 |quote=}}
11. ^Academy Award Statistics {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301005626/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics%2FindexStats.html |date=2009-03-01 }}
12. ^"Steve James, Frederick Marx and Peter Gilbert: Hoop Dreams: from short subject to major league"; current.org; July 30, 1995. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607213731/http://www.current.org/people/peop423h.html |date=June 7, 2007 }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-great-american-documentary|title=The great American documentary – Roger Ebert's Journal – Roger Ebert|first=Roger|last=Ebert|website=www.rogerebert.com}}
14. ^Pond, Steve, The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, pg. 74, Faber and Faber, 2005
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/one-day-in-september-2001|title=One Day In September Movie Review (2001) – Roger Ebert|first=Roger|last=Ebert|website=www.rogerebert.com}}
16. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/michael-moore-best-documentary-oscar-will-be-chosen-by-the-full-academy|title=Michael Moore: Best Documentary Oscar Will Be Chosen By the Full Academy – IndieWire|first=Indiewire|last=Team|website=www.indiewire.com}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.craveonline.com/film/articles/639099-the-other-oscars-best-documentary-feature#/slide/1|title=The OTHER Oscars: Best Documentary Feature – |website=CraveOnline|date=31 January 2014|publisher=}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/article/2009/11/20/oscar-documentary-scandal/|title=Oscar documentary scandal: The real reason that too many good movies got left out|date=20 November 2009|website=ew.com}}
19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sony-classics-tom-bernard-slams-754619|title=Sony Classics' Tom Bernard Slams Oscar Voters For Snubbing Russian Hockey Doc 'Red Army'|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2017-11-27|language=en}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/oscar-doc-shortlist-a-brutal-753358|title=Oscar Doc Shortlist: A Brutal Year to Have to Select Just 15 Finalists|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2017-11-27|language=en}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/oscars-new-rules-documentary-oj-made-in-america-barred-1202026406/ |title=Oscars: New Rules Bar Multi-Part Documentaries Like ‘O.J.: Made in America’ |first=Dave |last=McNary |work=Variety |date=2017-04-07 |accessdate=2017-05-30}}
22. ^{{cite web |title=With Byrd at the South Pole (1930) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/13385 |website=catalog.afi.com |publisher=American Film Institute |accessdate=27 June 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/54972/With-Byrd-at-the-South-Pole-The-Story-of-Little-America/details|title=Movie Reviews|publisher=}}

Superlatives

Controversies

Many critically acclaimed documentaries were never nominated. Examples include Paris Is Burning, Crumb, Hoop Dreams, The Thin Blue Line and Fahrenheit 9/11 (see below).

Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11, at the time the highest-grossing documentary film in movie history, was ruled ineligible because Moore had opted to have it played on television prior to the 2004 election. Previously, the 1982 winner Just Another Missing Kid had already been broadcast in Canada and won that country's ACTRA award for excellence in television at the time of its nomination.

The controversy over Hoop Dreams exclusion was enough to have the Academy Awards begin the process to change its documentary voting system.^[12] Roger Ebert, who had declared it to be the best 1994 movie of any kind, looked into its failure to receive a nomination: "We learned, through very reliable sources, that the members of the committee had a system. They carried little flashlights. When one gave up on a film, he waved a light on the screen. When a majority of flashlights had voted, the film was switched off. "Hoop Dreams" was stopped after 15 minutes."^[13]

The Academy's executive director, Bruce Davis, took the unprecedented step of asking accounting firm Price Waterhouse to turn over the complete results of that year's voting, in which members of the committee had rated each of the 63 eligible documentaries on a scale of six to ten. "What I found," said Davis, "is that a small group of members gave zeros (actually low scores) to every single film except the five they wanted to see nominated. And they gave tens to those five, which completely skewed the voting. There was one film that received more scores of ten than any other, but it wasn't nominated. It also got zeros (low scores) from those few voters, and that was enough to push it to sixth place."^[14]

In 2000, Arthur Cohn, the producer of the winning One Day in September boasted, "I won this without showing it in a single theater!" Cohn had hit upon the tactic of showing his Oscar entries at invitation-only screenings, and to as few other people as possible. Oscar bylaws at the time required voters to have seen all five nominated documentaries; by limiting his audience, Cohn shrank the voting pool and improved his odds. Following protests by many documentarians, the nominating system was subsequently changed.^[15]

The awards process has also been criticized for emphasizing a documentary's subject matter over its style or quality. In 2009, Entertainment Weeklys Owen Gleiberman wrote about the documentary branch members' penchant for choosing "movies that the selection committee deemed good because they’re good for you... a kind of self-defeating aesthetic of granola documentary correctness."^[18]

In 2014, following the announcement of the shortlist of eligible feature documentary nominees, Sony Pictures Classics co-president Tom Bernard publicly criticized Academy documentary voters after they excluded SPC's Red Army from the shortlist. "It's a sign of some really old people in the documentary area of the Academy. There's a lot of people who are really up in their years. It's shocking to me that that film (Red Army) didn't get in,” Bernard said.^[19] Additionally, in his reporting of the Oscar documentary shortlist exclusions that year, The Hollywood Reporter’s Scott Feinberg reacted to Red Army’s omission: “...no matter which 15 titles the doc branch selected, plenty of other great ones would be left on the outside. That is the case, most egregiously, with Gabe Polsky's Red Army (Sony Classics), a masterful look at the role of sports in society and Russian-American relations"^[20] (Icarus, another documentary related to sports and Russian-American relations, would later win the Oscar).

In 2017, following the win of the eight-hour O.J.: Made in America in this category, the Academy announced that multi-part and limited series would be ineligible for the award in the future, even if they are not broadcast after their Oscar-qualifying release (as was O.J.: Made in America).^[21]

Although documentaries are eligible for the Academy Award for Best Picture, none has yet earned a nomination. Documentaries are ineligible for the other awards such as Best Original Screenplay and Best Director due to their realistic elements.

Cinematography award in 1930

The documentary film With Byrd at the South Pole: The Story of Little America (1930), won an oscar for Best Cinematography, at the 3rd Academy Awards, the first documentary to win any kind of Oscar.^[22]^[23]