“Pablo Manlapit”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pablo Manlapit (January 17, 1891 – April 15, 1969) was a migrant laborer, lawyer, labor organizer and activist in Hawaii and the Philippines.

Life

Manlapit was born on January 17, 1891 in the Philippines. He came to Hawaii in 1909 as a migrant worker and worked as a sugarcane plantation laborer at Hamakua Mill Company in the sugarcane fields of the Hāmākua district of the island of Hawai{{okina}}i. He later on moved to Oahu. In June, 1912, he married Annie Kasby, a Hawaiian of German-American descent and they started to raise a family in Hilo. He left the plantation job and moved to the city and worked in various office jobs while studying law.

Status of Filipino migrants

The Filipinos were the last large group of recruited sugarcane plantation workers to migrate to Hawaii. From 1907 to 1931, approximately 120,000 Filipino men came to Hawaii. When they came to Hawaii's plantations, they found that they had to buy everything at the plantation store, and often at highly inflated prices due to shipping and other costs. After living in Hawaii for a while, many began to resent the strict hand of the luna (foreman), and social discrimination that they experienced. They were also not used to the commercial business system. Many believed the practice of fixed prices in the plantation stores to be a violation of their personal freedom because they were accustomed to bargaining in the Philippines. The oldest, poorest housing was given to the Filipinos because they were the lowest skilled and held the least prestigious jobs. They were also the most recent arrivals to Hawaii. Immigration laws did not permit them to bring families, so the men lived in barracks.

Organizing

Manlapit became one of the few Filipino lawyers in the 1920s and distinguished himself as spokesman for the Filipino labor movement in Hawaii, spending most of his time organizing and fighting for the rights of plantation laborers. He helped organize the Filipino Labor Union in Hawaii and was a leading figure in the strikes in 1920 and 1924 that involved thousands of plantation workers.

In October, 1919, the Japanese Federation of Labor and the Filipino Labor Union joined together to argue against the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association for a better working environment. They wanted to increase their salary from $0.72 to $1.25 and have 8 hour workdays. They wanted breaks for certain working conditions. On Oahu on January 19, 1920, 3,000 members of the Filipino Labor Union walked off their jobs. Manlapit led the strike and he believed that the Japanese and Filipinos workers should be united. The Japanese workers soon joined them. By early February 1920, 8300 plantation laborers were on strike, representing 77% of the work force. Filipino workers went on strike because they weren't paid equally for doing the same work as the Japanese workers. The Filipinos were paid $0.69 and the Japanese were paid $0.99. While they were on strike, plantation workers on other islands continued to work to raise about $600,000 in support of the strike. The 1920 Oahu strike lasted for two months and the strikers had to contend with a variety of methods utilized by the plantation owners: eviction of strikers from their homes, hiring of strikebreakers, and prosecution of leaders for conspiracies. Manlapit was not prosecuted but he was subjected to a smear campaign. He was accused of extorting money in exchange for calling off the strike. The plantation owners, assisted by the government, countered this with a "divide-and-counter" tactic. They charged the Japanese workers with attempting to make Hawaii an Asian province.

Later in the year the Japanese changed the name of their union to the Hawaiian Federation of Labor, in an effort to counter racist accusations. They invited all workers of every race to join.

Hanapēpē Massacre

So strong was his influence among his countrymen that Manlapit was implicated in the violent September, 1924 strike on Kauai—later known as the Hanapēpē Massacre—even though he wasn't there. Sixteen strikers were killed during the confrontation with police, as well as four policemen.^[1]

This drew the ire of plantation owners and they persecuted him with various small charges. Manlapit was arrested with 60 other Filipinos, tried for conspiracy, and sentenced to 2 to 10 years at Oahu Prison. In order to prevent his involvement in future activities in Hawaii, Manlapit was deported to the U.S. mainland while bearing a conditional parole judgment. Upon his parole, he went to California.

Expulsion

In California, Manlapit also went into labor organizing until he traveled back to Hawaii in 1933. Again, he dove into the fray of labor organizing and this eventually led to his permanent expulsion from Hawaii and deportation to the Philippines in 1935. His family was broken because of this move.

Manlapit worked for the Philippine government in the pre-World War II and postwar years. He supported Manuel Roxas in his presidency bid after World War II and served in some mid-level government positions before getting involved once more in labor matters. He also raised a second family in the Philippines. He died of cancer on April 15, 1969.

Notes

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thegardenisland.com/2006/09/10/news/pablo-manlapit-and-the-hanapepe-massacre/|title=Pablo Manlapit and the Hanapepe Massacre |work=The Garden Island|first=Hank |last=Soboleski| date=September 10, 2006 |access-date=25 February 2018}}

References

Kerkvliet, M.T. Unbending Cane: Pablo Manlapit, a Filipino Labor Leader in Hawai'i, 2002.

External links