| 词条 | Pacific baza |
| 释义 |
| name = Pacific baza | image = Aviceda subcristata -captive-8.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Aviceda | species = subcristata | authority = (Gould, 1838) | range_map = Pacific Baza.png | range_map_caption = Distribution of the Pacific baza, subspecies separated by lines (note that there are actually 13 total subspecies) }} The Pacific baza (Aviceda subcristata), also known as the crested hawk, crested baza, and Pacific cuckoo-falcon,[2] is a slender, medium-sized species of hawk in the family Accipitridae. It is mostly grey, brown, and white coloured and grows to a length of {{convert|35|–|46|cm|in}}. It is an omnivore and usually does not migrate. The breeding season for the species lasts from September to at least February, during which time specimens commonly fly and vocalize for display. It lives in Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and East Timor, in forests, savannas, and freshwater bodies. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as a least concern species. TaxonomyThe Pacific baza was described by John Gould in 1838. This bird, the African cuckoo-hawk (Aviceda cuculoides), Madagascar cuckoo-hawk (A. madagascariensis), and Jerdon's baza (A. jerdoni), were previously thought to form a species complex.[2] This hawk has 13 known subspecies:[2]
The genus name, Aviceda, means "bird-killer", combining the Latin words avis, which translates to "bird", and caedere, which translates to "to kill".[3] The specific name, subcristata, combines the Latin words for "somewhat" and "crested", referring to the small crest on the back of its neck.[4][3] This bird was historically most commonly known as the crested hawk, but Pacific baza is now the most frequently-used common name. It is often referred to as "Cuckoo-hawk" in Africa and "Lizard-hawk" in India.[5] DescriptionThe Pacific baza is a slender, medium-sized bird, with a slim head and neck.[2] Its appearance is similar to that of other species in its genus. It grows to a total length of {{convert|35|–|46|cm|in}}, with a wingspan of {{convert|80|–|105|cm|in}} and a tail length of {{convert|19|–|23|cm|in}}. It weighs {{convert|260|–|450|g}}, with females being slightly heavier than males. Specimens are typically smaller in the extreme western and eastern parts of its range.[2] The Pacific baza has a white underside, which is barred with black. Its upperside is grey, with brown scapulas. It has a grey head, which is small proportionally and partially domed,[6] and yellow eyes,[7] which are round and located far into the side of its head.[8] Its thighs are reddish-brown coloured and its feet are grey.[5] It has bands on its fingers, which are visible when flying in circles.[6] It is the only New Guinean raptor that is crested, having a small, spiky crest on its nape.[4] Its wings are broad, rounded, and paddle-shaped with distinct bands; they are very large in comparison to its body.[6][7] They are narrowest where they meet its body, broadening to their ends. The edges of the wings are curved when the bird is in flight.[6] The species has a long tail with a square end,[4] which is tipped with black. It is the same length as the entire rest of its body.[6][7] Females can be distinguished from males by having a slightly browner upperside and sometimes more barring on their secondary flight feathers. Juveniles can be differentiated from adults by having a much browner upperside. They also have pale eyes, rather than the sharp yellow eyes of adults, a patterned face, smaller barring on their belly, a rusty-coloured breast,[6] a white throat, and a cream to blue-gray coloured cere.[5] The Pacific baza can be distinguished from the long-tailed honey buzzard (Henicopernis longicauda), which is similar in appearance to this species, by having less-rounded wings and a breast that is barred rather than streaked.[7] BehaviorThe Pacific baza is an omnivore, with a diet consisting of fruits, insects, tree-frogs, lizards, snakes, and birds.[4] It was previously thought to be solely a carnivore and only eat fruits accidentally, but observations in the 1970s and later have shown that it frequently eats fruit intentionally.[9] In fact, in 1981, several captive specimens of the Pacific baza would not breed without having lettuce as a part of their diet.[9] It hunts in the canopy of forests[4] and dives down into foilage or air to snatch its prey.[8] Although unconfirmed, it has been rumoured to imitate the calls of tree-frogs when hunting, persuading them to return the call.[4] It produces vocalizations of "pee-peow, pee-peow", consisting of a note rising in pitch followed by a "more explosive" descending note.[7] Although populations in certain parts of Australia have been known to migrate partially, it is generally a non-migratory species.[2] It is docile and usually unobtrusive.[4] A social species, multiple specimens often gather together in the non-breeding season.[4][5] The breeding season usually starts in September; in Australia it lasts until February but it can be longer in other countries.[2] During this time, it often soars up and down repeatedly for display and vocalizes,[7] positioning its wings in a V-shape when descending. It has also been known to perform various types of somersaults, such as lateral rolls.[4] Its nests are flimsy and composed of sticks, built high in the branches of trees.[8] The species typically lays 1–4 eggs. They have an average size of {{convert|4.34|cm|in}} in length, {{convert|3.51|cm|in}} in breadth, and {{convert|27|cm3|in3}} in volume,[10] and are white-coloured with occasional spots.[7] Both males and females incubate them, alternating in average intervals of 1.5 hours.[11] A family studied in 2002 and 2003 had a pre-laying stage period of 16 days, incubation period of 29 days, and nesting period of 35 days. The juveniles became independent from their parents at least 22 days after hatching.[12] The species has a generation length of 7.6 years.[1] DistributionThe Pacific baza lives in several countries in Oceania, breeding in Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands, and extant in East Timor.[1] In Australia, it is only found in areas where the coast is no further than {{convert|400|km|mi}} away,[4] primarily in northern and eastern parts of the country.[8] Its total extent of occurrence is estimated to be {{convert|11100000|km2|m2}}. Its habitats are subtropical and tropical forests, dry savannas, and bodies of freshwater, including wetlands, streams, and rivers, usually at elevations less than {{convert|1000|m|ft}}[1] and rarely greater than {{convert|1300|m|ft}}.[7] It is utilised in the pet trade internationally. Because of its large range and stable population, it is listed as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List as of 2016.[1] {{clear}}References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |author1=BirdLife International |title=Aviceda subcristata (Pacific Baza) |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |year=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694961A95221429.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694961/95221429 |doi-broken-date=14 March 2019 |accessdate=14 March 2019}} {{Commons category|Aviceda subcristata}}{{Wikispecies|Aviceda subcristata}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q653972}}{{DEFAULTSORT:baza, Pacific}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |last1=Debus |first1=S. |last2=Kirwan |first2=G. M. |title=Pacific Baza (Aviceda sbucristata) |url=https://www.hbw.com/species/pacific-baza-aviceda-subcristata |website=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |publisher=Lynx Edicions |accessdate=14 March 2019 |location=Barcelona, Spain |year=2019}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Olsen |first1=Penny |title=Australian Predators of the Sky |date=1 September 2015 |publisher=National Library of Australia |isbn=0642278563 |page=55 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaFQCgAAQBAJ |accessdate=17 March 2019}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |last1=Dibus |first1=Stephen J. S. |title=Birds of Prey of Australia: A Field Guide |date=2012 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=0643104364 |page=104 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oc63YORn348C |accessdate=17 March 2019}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last1=Ferguson-Lees |first1=James |last2=Christie |first2=David A. |others=Illustrated by Kim Franklin, David Mead, and Philip Burton |title=Raptors of the World |date=2001 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=0618127623 |pages=76, 96 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlIztc05HTQC |accessdate=17 March 2019}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |last1=Seaton |first1=Richard |last2=Gilfedder |first2=Mat |last3=Debus |first3=Stephen |title=Australian Birds of Prey in Flight: A Photographic Guide |date=1 February 2019 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=1486308678 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NmGDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=18 March 2019}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book |last1=Pratt |first1=Thane K. |last2=Beehler |first2=Bruce M. |editor1-last=Anderton |editor1-first=John C. |editor2-last=Kókay |editor2-first=Szabolcs |title=Birds of New Guinea |date=26 October 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=1400865115 |page=292 |edition=2, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBn8AwAAQBAJ |accessdate=17 March 2019}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news |title=How this Baza bird survived being hit by a car |url=https://www.northernstar.com.au/news/how-this-baza-bird-survived-being-hit-by-a-car/3093587/ |accessdate=18 March 2019 |work=The Northern Star |date=26 September 2016}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=H. J. |title=New or Confirmatory Information on Some Species of New Guinean Birds |journal=Australian Field Ornithology |date=September 1984 |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=209–228 |url=http://www.birdlife.org.au/afo/index.php/afo/article/view/1109 |accessdate=19 March 2019}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Olsen |first1=Penny D. |last2=Marples |first2=T. G. |title=Geographic-Variation in Egg Size, Clutch Size and Date of Laying of Australian Raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) |journal=Emu |date=January 1993 |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=167–179 |doi=10.1071/MU9930167 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263002111_Geographic-Variation_in_Egg_Size_Clutch_Size_and_Date_of_Laying_of_Australian_Raptors_Falconiformes_and_Strigiformes |accessdate=16 March 2019}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=Peter |last2=Morgan |first2=Beverley |title=A Failed Breeding Attempt of the Pacific Baza 'Aviceda subcristata' near Grafton, Northern New South Wales |journal=Australian Field Ornithology |date=September 2010 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=128–132 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294786642_A_failed_breeding_attempt_of_the_Pacific_Baza_Aviceda_subcristata_near_Grafton_northern_New_South_Wales |accessdate=15 March 2019 |issn=1448-0107}} 12. ^{{cite journal |last1=James |first1=Peter |title=The breeding cycle of a pair of pacific bazas aviceda subcristata in South-eastern Queensland |journal=Australian Field Ornithology |date=January 2004 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=133–140 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318883722_The_breeding_cycle_of_a_pair_of_pacific_bazas_aviceda_subcristata_in_South-eastern_Queensland |accessdate=18 March 2019}} 11 : Aviceda|Birds of the Maluku Islands|Birds of the Lesser Sunda Islands|Birds of New Guinea|Birds of the Solomon Islands|Birds of the Northern Territory|Birds of Queensland|Diurnal raptors of Australia|Birds described in 1838|Articles containing video clips|Taxa named by John Gould |
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