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词条 Paeonia lactiflora
释义

  1. Description

  2. Background

  3. Cultivars

  4. Chemistry

      Phenolic compounds  

  5. In Art & Culture

  6. References

  7. External links

{{speciesbox
|image = Lactiflora1b.UME.jpg
|image_caption = Paeonia lactiflora
|genus = Paeonia
|species = lactiflora
|authority = Pall.
|synonyms = Paeonia edulis Salisb.
Paeonia albiflora Pall.
}}

Paeonia lactiflora (Chinese peony or common garden peony) is a species of herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Paeoniaceae, native to central and eastern Asia from eastern Tibet across northern China to eastern Siberia.

Description

It is {{convert|50|-|70|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall and broad, with 9-lobed leaves {{convert|20|-|40|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.

The flower buds appear in late spring (May in the Northern Hemisphere). They are large and round, opening into fragrant, cup- or bowl-shaped flowers {{convert|8|-|16|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, with 5–10 white, pink, or crimson petals and yellow stamens.[1]

Background

Paeonia lactiflora was known as the white peony (P. albiflora) when first introduced into Europe.[2] It was brought to England in the mid-18th century, and is the parent of most modern varieties.

The Latin specific epithet lactiflora means “with milk white flowers”.[3]

In China P. lactiflora is less highly valued as an ornamental plant than the cultivars of tree peony Paeonia rockii (tree peony) and Paeonia suffruticosa.

Cultivars

There are several hundred selected cultivars in a range of colours, sizes and forms; many have double flowers, with the stamens modified into additional petals.[4] There are many colors now available, from pure milk white, to pink, rose, and near red, along with single to fully double forms. They are prolific bloomers, and have become the main source of peonies for the cut flower business.[2]

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[5]

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • 'Bowl of Beauty'[6] (double, pink & cream)
  • 'Duchesse de Nemours'[7] (double white)
  • ’Felix Crousse’[8] (double deep pink)
  • ’Festiva maxima’[9] (double white)
  • 'Laura Dessert'[10] (double white)
  • ’Monsieur Jules Elie’[11] (double pink)
  • 'Sarah Bernhardt'[12] (double pink)
  • 'Whitleyi Major'[13] (single white, prominent stamens)
{{div col end}}

Chemistry

The leaves of many cultivars are high in oleanolic and ursolic acid.[14]

Phenolic compounds

Cis-epsilon-viniferin, trans-resveratrol, trans-resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, trans-epsilon-viniferin, gnetin H, and suffruticosol A, B[15] and paeoniflorin esters[16] can be found in P. lactiflora.

Petals color is dependent on a Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase expressing anthocyanins such as peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside.[17]

In Art & Culture

Paeonia lactiflora became a popular still life subject for Impressionist artists in the late 19th century.

  • Pierre-Auguste Renoir featured Peonies in multiple paintings from the 1870s through the 1890s.[18] The Independent wrote of his fondness for the flower that: "They had been introduced into the horticultural world of Paris in the 1860s, so there was still something of the exotic about them, and Renoir paints them rather solemnly and majestically."[19]
  • Vincent Van Gogh painted "Vase with Peonies", "Bowl with Peonies and Roses"[20] and "Vase with cornflowers and poppies, peonies and chrysanthemums", all in 1886.[21]
  • Claude Monet painted "Vase of Peonies" in 1882.[22]
  • Edouard Manet cultivated peonies in his garden and painted them frequently. The Impressionist artist Frédéric Bazille painted "Young Woman with Peonies" in 1870 as a tribute to his friend Manet, knowing his fondness for the flower.[23]

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}
2. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Halda|first1=Josef J.|last2=Waddick |first2=James W.|title=The Genus Paeonia|publisher=Timber Press|year=2004|pages=196–205|isbn=978-0-88192-612-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mDLASKInbjgC&pg=PA196&dq=Peony+common+garden#PPA202,M1}}
3. ^{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Lorraine |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners |year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=184533731X }}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Loewer|first=H. Peter|title=Fragrant Gardens|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Gardening|year=1999|pages=48|isbn=978-0-395-88492-8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bBJdIKPiGuMC&pg=PA48&dq=Peony+common+garden#PPA48,M1}}
5. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 71 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Bowl of Beauty'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5543|accessdate=25 May 2013}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Duchesse de Nemours'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1370|accessdate=25 May 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95323/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Felix-Crousse/Details| title = RHS Plantfinder - Paeonia lactiflora ‘Felix Crousse’ | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98117/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Festiva-Maxima/Details| title = RHS Plantfinder - Paeonia lactiflora ‘Festiva maxima’ | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Laura Dessert'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3656|accessdate=25 May 2013}}
11. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/77576/i-Paeonia-lactiflora-i-Monsieur-Jules-Elie/Details| title = RHS Plantfinder - Paeonia lactiflora ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’ | accessdate = 14 April 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Sarah Bernhardt'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1371|accessdate=25 May 2013}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Paeonia lactiflora 'Whitleyi Major'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5845|accessdate=25 May 2013}}
14. ^Zhou C, Zhang Y, Sheng Y, Zhao D, Lv S, Hu Y, Tao J.,"Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) as an Alternative Source of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids." Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(1):655-67
15. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = H. J. | last2 = Chang | first2 = E. J. | last3 = Cho | first3 = S. H. | last4 = Chung | first4 = S. K. | last5 = Park | first5 = H. D. | last6 = Choi | first6 = S. W. | title = Antioxidative activity of resveratrol and its derivatives isolated from seeds of Paeonia lactiflora | journal = Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry | volume = 66 | issue = 9 | pages = 1990–1993 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12400706| doi = 10.1271/bbb.66.1990}}
16. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Yan | first1 = D. | last2 = Saito | first2 = K. | last3 = Ohmi | first3 = Y. | last4 = Fujie | first4 = N. | last5 = Ohtsuka | first5 = K. | title = Paeoniflorin, a novel heat shock protein–inducing compound | doi = 10.1379/CSC-51R.1 | journal = Cell Stress & Chaperones | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 378–89 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15633296| pmc = 1065277}}
17. ^Isolation of a UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene and expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Da Qiu Zhao, Chen Xia Han, Jin Tao Ge and Jun Tao, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 15 November 2012, Volume 15, Number 6, {{doi|10.2225/vol15-issue6-fulltext-7}}
18. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/3121| title='Peonies' Pierre Auguste Renoir| publisher=clarkart.edu| access-date=2018-04-17}}
19. ^{{cite article| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/great-works-onions-1881-by-pierre-auguste-renoir-8771148.html| title=Great works: Onions (1881) by Pierre Auguste-Renoir| author=Michael Glover| publisher=The Independent| date=2013-08-16| access-date=2018-04-17}}
20. ^{{cite web| url=https://krollermuller.nl/en/vincent-van-gogh-roses-and-peonies| title=Roses and Peonies, June 1886| publisher=krollermuller.nl| access-date=2018-04-17}}
21. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.vangoghgallery.com/catalog/Painting/679/Vase-with-Peonies.html| title=Vase with Peonies by Vincent Van Gogh| publisher=vangoghgallery.com| access-date=2018-04-17}}
22. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.wikiart.org/en/claude-monet/vase-of-peonies| title=Vase of Peonies, 1992 - Claude Monet| publisher=wikiart.com| access-date=2018-04-17}}
23. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/manet-and-his-influence.html#slide_8| title=Manet and His Influence| publisher=National Gallery of Art| p=8| access-date=2018-04-17}}

External links

{{Wikispecies|Paeonia lactiflora}}{{Commons|Paeonia lactiflora}}
  • Chinese Herbaceous Peony
  • Chinese Tree and Herbaceous Peony
{{Taxonbar|from=Q163076}}{{Authority control}}

5 : Peonies|Flora of Tibet|Flora of Siberia|Flora of China|Garden plants of Asia
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