| 词条 | Dreamtime |
| 释义 |
Dreamtime (also dream time, dream-time) is a term devised by early anthropologists to refer to a religio-cultural worldview attributed to Australian Aboriginal beliefs. It was originally used by Francis Gillen, quickly adopted by his colleague Baldwin Spencer and thereafter popularised by A. P. Elkin, who, however, later revised his views. The Dreaming is used to represent Aboriginal concepts of "time out of time" or "everywhen", during which the land was inhabited by ancestral figures, often of heroic proportions or with supernatural abilities. These figures were often distinct from "gods" as they did not control the material world and were not worshipped, but only revered. The concept of the dreamtime has subsequently become widely adopted beyond its original Australian context and is now part of global popular culture. The term is based on a rendition of the indigenous (Arandic) word alcheringa, used by the Aranda (Arunta, Arrernte) people of Central Australia, although it has been argued that it is based on a misunderstanding or mistranslation. Some scholars suggest that the word's meaning is closer to "eternal, uncreated."{{sfn|Swain|1993|p=21}} Anthropologist William Stanner remarked: "why the blackfellow thinks of 'dreaming' as the nearest equivalent in English is a puzzle",{{sfn|Price-Williams|1987|p=249}} and said that the concept was best understood by non-Aboriginal people as "a complex of meanings".{{sfn|Nicholls|2014a}} By the 1990s, "Dreamtime" and "the Dreaming" had acquired their own currency in popular culture, based on idealised or fictionalised conceptions of Australian mythology. Since the 1970s, "Dreaming" and "Dream time" have also returned from academic usage via popular culture and tourism and are now ubiquitous in the English vocabulary of indigenous Australians in a kind of "self-fulfilling academic prophecy".{{sfn|Swain|1993|p=21}}{{efn|Stanner warned about uncritical use of the term and was aware of its semantic difficulties, while at the same time he continued using it and contributed to its popularisation; according to Swain it is "still used uncritically in contemporary literature".{{cn|date=July 2018}}}} Origin of the termThe station-master, magistrate and amateur ethnographer Francis Gillen first used the terms in an ethnographical report in 1896. With Walter Baldwin Spencer, Gillen published a major work, Native Tribes of Central Australia, in 1899.{{sfn|James|2015|p=36}} In that work, they spoke of the Alcheringa as "the name applied to the far distant past with which the earliest traditions of the tribe deal".{{sfn|Spencer|Gillen|1899|p=73 n.1,645}}{{efn|"the dim past to which the natives give the name of the 'Alcheringa'." (p.119)}} Five years later, in their Northern tribes of central Australia, they gloss the far distant age as "the dream times", link it to the word alcheri meaning "dream", and affirm that the term is current also among the Kaitish and Unmatjera.{{sfn|Spencer|Gillen|1904|p=745}} AltjiraEarly doubts about the precision of Spencer and Gillen's English gloss were expressed by the German Lutheran pastor and missionary Carl Strehlow in his 1908 book Die Aranda ("The Arrernte"), who noted that his Arrente contacts explained altjira, whose etymology was unknown, as an eternal being who had no beginning. In the Arrernte tongue, the proper verb for "to dream" was altjirerama, i.e., "to see god". Strehlow theorised that the noun is the somewhat rare word altjirrinja, of which Spencer and Gillen gave a corrupted transcription and a false etymology. "The native," they concluded, "knows nothing of 'dreamtime' as a designation of a certain period of their history."{{sfn|Hill|2003|pp=140–141}}{{efn|The Strehlows' informant for this, Moses (Tjalkabota), was a convert to Christianity, and the adoption of his interpretation suffered from a methodological error, according to Barry Hill, since his conversion made his views on pre-contact beliefs unreliable.}} Strehlow gives Altjira or Altjira mara (mara meaning "good") as the Arrente word for the eternal creator of the world and humankind. Strehlow describes him as a tall strong man with red skin, long fair hair and emu legs, with many red-skinned wives (with dog legs) and children. In Strehlow's account, Altjira lives in the sky (which is a body of land through which runs the Milky Way, a river).{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=93–103}} However, by the time Strehlow was writing, his contacts had been converts to Christianity for decades, and critics suggested that Altjira had been used by missionaries as a word for the Christian God.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=93–103}} In 1926, Spencer conducted a field study to challenge Strehlow's conclusion about Altjira and the implied criticism of Gillen and Spencer's original work. Spencer found attestations of altjira from the 1890s that used the word to mean "associated with past times" or "eternal", not "god".{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=93–103}} Academic Sam Gill finds Strehlow's use of Altjira ambiguous, sometimes describing a supreme being and sometimes describing a totem being, but not necessarily a supreme one. He attributes the clash partly to Spencer's cultural evolutionist beliefs that Aboriginal people were at a pre-religion "stage" of development (and thus could not believe in a supreme being), while Strehlow as a Christian missionary found presence of belief in the divine a useful entry point for proselytising.{{sfn|Gill|1998|pp=93–103}} Linguist David Campbell Moore is critical of Spencer and Gillen's "Dreamtime" translation, concluding:{{sfn|Moore|2016|pp=85–108}} {{Quote|text="Dreamtime" was a mistranslation based on an etymological connection between "a dream" and "Altjira" which held only over a limited geographical domain. There was some semantic relationship between "Altjira" and "a dream", but to imagine that the latter captures the essence of "Altjira" is an illusion.|sign=|source=}}Other termsThe complex of religious beliefs encapsulated by "Dreamtime" is also called:
In English, anthropologists have variously translated words normally translated as "Dreamtime" or "Dreaming" in a variety of other ways, including "everywhen", "world-dawn", "Ancestral past", "Ancestral present", "Ancestral now" (satirically), "Abiding Events" or "Abiding Law".{{sfn|Swain|1993|pp=21–22}} TranslationsMost translations of "Dreamtime" into other languages are based on the translation of the word "dream". Examples include Espaces de rêves in French ("dream spaces") and Snivanje in Croation (a gerund derived from the verb "to dream").{{sfn|Nicholls|2014c}} Aboriginal beliefs and cultureRelated entities are known as Mura-mura by the Dieri and as Tjukurpa in Pitjantjatjara. "Dreaming" is now also used as a term for a system of totemic symbols, so that an indigenous Australian may "own" a specific "Dreaming", such as Kangaroo Dreaming, Shark Dreaming, Honey Ant Dreaming, Badger Dreaming, or any combination of Dreamings pertinent to their country. This is because in "Dreamtime" an individual's entire ancestry exists as one, culminating in the idea that all worldly knowledge is accumulated through one's ancestors. Many Indigenous Australians also refer to the Creation time as "The Dreaming". The Dreamtime laid down the patterns of life for the Aboriginal people.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}} Creation is believed to be the work of culture heroes who travelled across a formless land, creating sacred sites and significant places of interest in their travels. In this way, "songlines" (or Yiri in the Warlpiri language{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}) were established, some of which could travel right across Australia, through as many as six to ten different language groupings. The dreaming and travelling trails of the Spirit Beings are the songlines. The signs of the Spirit Beings may be of spiritual essence, physical remains such as petrosomatoglyphs of body impressions or footprints, among natural and elemental simulacra. "Dreaming" existed before the life of the individual begins, and continues to exist when the life of the individual ends. Both before and after life, it is believed that this spirit-child exists in the Dreaming and is only initiated into life by being born through a mother. The spirit of the child is culturally understood to enter the developing fetus during the fifth month of pregnancy.{{sfn|Bates|1996}} When the mother felt the child move in the womb for the first time, it was thought that this was the work of the spirit of the land in which the mother then stood. Upon birth, the child is considered to be a special custodian of that part of their country and is taught the stories and songlines of that place. As Wolf (1994: p. 14) states: "A black 'fella' may regard his totem or the place from which his spirit came as his Dreaming. He may also regard tribal law as his Dreaming." In the Wangga genre, the songs and dances express themes related to death and regeneration.{{sfn|Marett|2005|p=1}} They are performed publicly with the singer composing from their daily lives or while Dreaming of a nyuidj (dead spirit).{{sfn|Povinelli|2002|p=200}} Dreaming stories vary throughout Australia, with variations on the same theme. The meaning and significance of particular places and creatures is wedded to their origin in the Dreaming, and certain places have a particular potency or "dreaming." For example, the story of how the sun was made is different in New South Wales and in Western Australia. Stories cover many themes and topics, as there are stories about creation of sacred places, land, people, animals and plants, law and custom. In Perth, the Noongar believe that the Darling Scarp is the body of the Wagyl – a serpent being that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes and who created the Swan River.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} In another example, the Gagudju people of Arnhemland, for which Kakadu National Park is named, believe that the sandstone escarpment that dominates the park's landscape was created in the Dreamtime when Ginga (the crocodile-man) was badly burned during a ceremony and jumped into the water to save himself. In popular cultureAn early reference is found is Richard McKenna's 1960s speculative fiction novella, Fiddler's Green, which mentions "Alcheringa... the Binghi spirit land", i.e. the Aranda concept translated as "Dream time". Early 1970s references to the concept include Ursula K. Le Guin's novella The Word for World is Forest (1972) and Peter Weir's films The Last Wave (1977) and Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975). "Dreamtime" became a widely cited concept in popular culture in the 1980s, and by the late 1980s was adopted as a cliché in New Age and feminist spirituality alongside related appeals to other "Rouseauian natural people", such as the Native Americans idealized in 1960s hippie counterculture.{{sfn|di Leonardo|2000|p=377 n.42}} 1980s
1990s
2000s
See also{{portal|Australia}}
Notes{{notelist}}CitationsSources{{refbegin|30em}}
| last = Bates | first = Daisy | year = 1996 | publisher = Hesperion Press | ref = harv }}
| last = Bellah | first = Robert N. | author-link = Robert Neelly Bellah | year = 2013 | orig-year = First published 1970 | title = Readings in Social Evolution and Development | editor-last = Eisenstadt | editor-first = S.N. | editor-link = Shmuel Eisenstadt | publisher = Elsevier | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LkttBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 | pages = 211–244 | isbn = 978-1-483-13786-5 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Charlesworth | first1 = Max | last2 = Murphy | first2 = Howard | last3 = Bell | first3 = Diane | last4 = Maddock | first4 = Kenneth | year = 1984 | title = Religion In Aboriginal Australia: An Anthology | publisher = University of Queensland Press | ref = harv }}
| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171252/the-Dreaming | access-date = 26 January 2013 | ref = {{harvid|Encyclopædia Britannica}} }}
| last = Gill | first = Sam D. | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Storytracking.html?id=IlfnCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=altjira&f=false | date = 1998 | pages = 93–103 | isbn = 9780195115871 | ref = harv }}
| last = Hill | first = Barry | author-link = Barry Hill (Australian writer) | year = 2003 | publisher = Knopf-Random House | isbn = 978-1-742-74940-2 | ref = harv }}
| last = Isaacs | first = Jennifier | year = 1980 | publisher = Lansdowne Press | location = Sydney | isbn = 0-7018-1330-X | ref = harv }}
| last = James | first = Diana | year = 2015 | title = Long History, Deep Time: Deepening Histories of Place | editor1-last = McGrath | editor1-first = Ann | editor2-last = Jebb | editor2-first = Mary Anne | publisher = Australian National University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6nDSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 | pages = 33–46 | isbn = 9781--925-02253-7 | ref = harv }}
| last = Lawlor | first = Robert | year = 1991 | publisher = Inner Traditions International | location = Rochester, Vermont | isbn = 0-89281-355-5 | ref = harv }}
| last = di Leonardo | first = Micaela | year = 2000 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dt54NXnN_3UC&pg=PA377 | page = 377 n.42 | ref = harv }}("Into the Crystal Dreamtime", promotional pamphlet, late 1980s; "Crystal Woman: isters of the Dreamtime" 1987; p. 36:"the prescriptive New Age genre, which sells one-hundred-proof ethnological antimodernism without overmuch worry about bothersome ethnographic facts")
| last = Marett | first = Allan | year = 2005 | publisher = Wesleyan University Press | location = Middletown, Connecticut | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oFhUE_AlE8QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=wangga&hl=en&ei=SRSqTd3MG4XuuAPMu_2QCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | page = 1 | isbn = 978-0-8195-6618-8 | ref = harv }}
| last = Moore | first = David | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306037801_Altjira_Dream_and_God | date = 1 January 2016 | pages = 85–108 | isbn = 9781472443830 | ref = harv }}
| last = Nicholls | first = Christine Judith | website = The Conversation | url = http://theconversation.com/dreamtime-and-the-dreaming-an-introduction-20833 | date = 22 January 2014a | access-date = 7 January 2019 | ref = harv }}
| last = Nicholls | first = Christine Judith | website = The Conversation | url = http://theconversation.com/dreamtime-and-the-dreaming-who-dreamed-up-these-terms-20835 | date = 28 January 2014c | access-date = 7 January 2019 | ref = harv }}
| last = Nicholls | first = Christine Judith | website = The Conversation | url = http://theconversation.com/dreamings-and-dreaming-narratives-whats-the-relationship-20837 | date = 5 February 2014b | access-date = 7 January 2019 | ref = harv }}
| last = Povinelli | first = Elizabeth A.. | year = 2002 | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham, North Carolina | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq9r6HpvLakC&pg=PA200&dq=wangga&hl=en&ei=bLSqTdnVOYKEvgOW1JiTCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=wangga&f=false | page = 200 | isbn = 978-0-8223-2868-1 | ref = harv }}
| last = Price-Williams | first = Douglas | year = 1987 | title = Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations | editor-last = Tedlock | editor-first = Barbara | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eRk9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA249 | pages = 246–262 | isbn = 978-0-521-34004-5 | ref = harv }}
| last = Price-Williams | first = Douglas | year = 2016 | title = Religion and non-religion among Australian Aboriginal Peoples | editor1-last = Cox | editor1-first = James L. | editor2-last = Possamai | editor2-first = Adam | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo2iDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 | pages = 85–108 | isbn = 978-1-317-06795-5 | ref = harv }}
| last = Smith | first = Jeff | publisher = Self-published | nopp = true | pages = Bone-A–Fides section | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Spencer | first1 = Baldwin | last2 = Gillen | first2 = F. J. | author1-link = Baldwin Spencer | author2-link = Francis James Gillen | year = 1899 | publisher = Macmillan & Co | url = https://archive.org/details/nativetribesofce00spenuoft | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Spencer | first1 = Baldwin | last2 = Gillen | first2 = F. J. | author1-link = Baldwin Spencer | author2-link = Francis James Gillen | year = 1904 | publisher = Macmillan & Co | url = https://archive.org/details/northerntribesc00gillgoog | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Spencer | first1 = Walter Baldwin | last2 = Gillen | first2 = Francis James | author1-link = Walter Baldwin Spencer | author2-link = Francis James Gillen | year = 1968 | orig-year = First published 1899 | publisher = Dover | location = New York | ref = harv }}
| last = Stanner | first = Bill | author-link = William Edward Hanley Stanner | year = 1979 | publisher = Australian National University Press | location = Canberra | ref = harv }}
| last = Stanner | first = W.H. | author-link = William Edward Hanley Stanner | year = 1968 | publisher = ABC | series = Boyer Lecture Series | ref = harv }}
| last = Swain | first = Tony | year = 1993 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B040KquZAEIC&pg=PA21 | isbn = 978-0-521-44691-4 | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Vanni | first1 = Maurizio | last2 = Pedretti | first2 = Carlo | year = 2005 | language = Italian, English, German | publisher = Carlo Cambi Editore | location = Poggibonsi (province of Siena), Italy | pages = 18, 70 | isbn = 88-88482-41-5 | quote = "Ghelli's work appears as an authentic initiatory experience, with important ordeals to overcome. No Aboriginal boy can be considered a man, nor can an Aboriginal girl marry, until he or she has overcome all the initiatory rituals. One of these, perhaps the most feared, is the interpretation of symbols in paintings associated with Dreamtime." | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Voigt | first1 = Anna | last2 = Drury | first2 = Neville | year = 1997 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = East Roseville, NSW | ref = harv }}
| last = Walsh | first = GL | journal = Australian Archaeology | year = 1979 | number = 9 | pages = 33–41 | url = https://dspace2.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/708/1979009033041_FINAL.pdf | format = PDF | ref = harv }}
| last = Wolf | first = Fred Alan | year = 1994 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 0-671-74946-3 | ref = harv }}
| last = Wolfe | first = Patrick | year = 1997 | title = Cultures of Scholarship | editor-last = Humphreys | editor-first = Sarah C. | publisher = University of Michigan Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dS5-RMhAP_QC&pg=PA74 | pages = 57–96 | isbn = 978-0-472-06654-4 | ref = harv }}{{refend}} External links{{Library resources box| by=no | onlinebooks=no | others=no | about=yes | label=Dreamtime }}{{Commons category|Dreamtime}}
2 : Australian Aboriginal mythology|Creation myths |
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