| 词条 | Painted francolin |
| 释义 |
| name = Painted francolin | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Painted Francolin (Francolinus pictus) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg | image_caption = F. pictus Maharashtra | genus = Francolinus | species = pictus | authority = (Jardine & Selby, 1828)[2] | range_map = Francolinus_pictus_map.png | synonyms = Perdix picta Perdix hepburnii }} The painted francolin or painted partridge (Francolinus pictus) is a species of francolin found in grassy areas in central and southern India and in the lowlands of southeastern Sri Lanka. They are easily detected by their loud calls especially during the breeding season. Thomas C. Jerdon noted that the species was found mainly in Central India south of the Narmada and to the east of the Western Ghats as well as the Chota Nagpur and Northern Circars.[3] It can be confused only with the black francolin with which it partly overlaps and is said to sometimes hybridize. This species can be told apart from the female of a black francolin by the lack of a rufous hind collar and the white spots on the underside. The face is rufous and there is no dark stripe running behind the eye. DescriptionThis species is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent. It is distributed patchily from Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh south into peninsular India (but not along the Malabar coast and rare south of Coimbatore[4]) and in Sri Lanka. The species interbreeds with the black francolin along its northern[5] and appears similar to the female of that species but has no rufous hindcollar, instead having a bright rufous face and throat. The underside has white spots while the legs are orange-yellow to red.[6] It is more arboreal in its habits than the black francolin.[7] The legs of both sexes have no spurs.[8] The species was described by P. J. Selby based on a specimen obtained by his nephew John Atherton of Bangalore (commemorated in Nyctyornis athertoni). The type locality has been designated as Bangalore although the specimen likely came from further north.[9] Three subspecies have been named. The nominate population are from Central and South India south of 20°N while to the north is the form pallidus (type locality Udaipur). This form is paler on the upperparts.[10] The Sri Lankan race is watsoni.[11] In Sri Lanka it has a restricted distribution and is found from the Uvala patinas east to the low-country of Nilgala and Bibile.[12] Populations change during and after the monsoons, and hunters have been known to capture large numbers of nearly 300 from some areas.[13][14][15] Distribution and habitatThe distribution of this species is to the south of the range of the black francolin. It is found patchily distributed in semi-dry undulating grasslands with scrub or cultivation. It is found in drier areas than the black francolin but wetter zones than the grey francolin.[16] Behaviour and ecologyThey are not easy to spot but become vocal during the breeding season after the Monsoons, from June to October. The call is made in the early morning and has been described as guttural broken crow "chee-kee-kerray- Chee-kee-kerray" which is answered by other birds in the vicinity. A preliminary click may be heard when at close range. It is usually seen calling from an elevated position such as a mound, bush or tree stump.[17] During the non-breeding season, they may call at dusk.[18] The nest is a scrape in the ground.[6] Six or seven smoky white eggs are laid.[19][20] They feed on grass seeds (including Brachiaria ramosa) as well as grains of cultivated rice. Beetles and other insects are also eaten.[20][21] They also feed on the tuberous roots of Cyperus rotundus.[22][23] When walking around it sometimes has the habit of cocking up its tail and when disturbed it usually freezes and flushes only when approached very close. It roosts in trees but sometimes also on the ground.[16] In cultureThis bird appears in a 4.50 rupee Sri Lankan postal stamp.[24] References1. ^{{IUCN|id=22678722 |title=Francolinus pictus |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^The species was designated as Perdix picta in Illus. Orn. plate 50. The bird skin came from John Atherton, a nephew of P J Selby and the type locality was designated as Bangalore. The holotype is in the Selby collection UMZC 14/Pha/22/aa/2. 3. ^{{cite book|page=562|title=The Birds of India. Volume 3|author=Jerdon TC|year=1864|publisher=George Wyman & Co|url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofindiabein03jerd}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Fourth Edition.|author=Whistler, Hugh|year =1949|publisher=Gurney and Jackson|url=https://archive.org/details/popularhandbooko033226mbp|page=431}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia04oaterich#page/137/mode/1up/|author=Blanford WT|pages=137–138|year=1898|publisher=Taylor and Francis, London|title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|volume=2|pages=120–121}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=A handbook to the Game-Birds. Volume 1.|author=Ogilvie-Grant, WR|year=1895|volume=1|page=106|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktogamebi01ogil}} 8. ^{{cite book|pages=19–26|author1=Hume, AO |author2=CHT Marshall |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1880|title=The Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Volume 2|publisher=Self published|url=https://archive.org/details/GameBirdsOfIndia2}} 9. ^{{cite book|first=Christine Elisabeth|last=Jackson|author2=Peter Davis|year=2001|title=Sir William Jardine: a life in natural history|publisher=Continuum International|isbn=0-7185-0164-0|page=208}} 10. ^{{cite journal|author=Abdulali,Humayun |year=1979|title= On the validity of Francolinus pictus pallidus (J.E. Gray).|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=76|issue=2|pages= 362|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48240749}} 11. ^{{cite journal|author=Baker, ECS |year=1922|title= Hand-list of the Birds of India. Part 7.|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=28|issue=4|url=https://archive.org/stream/handlistofgenera00bake#page/203/mode/1up|pages=183–226}} 12. ^{{cite journal|author=Wait, WE|title=The distribution of birds in Ceylon and its relation to recent geological changes in the Island.|journal=Spolia Zeylanica |volume=10|year=1919|url=https://archive.org/details/spoliazeylanica10nati}} 13. ^{{cite journal|author=Abdulali,Humayun |year=1943|title= Local movements of the Painted Partridge (Francolinus pictus Jard. & Selby) round Bombay. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=43|issue=4|pages= 658–660|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48228450}} 14. ^{{cite journal|author=Ogden,FCD |year=1943|title= Local movements of the Painted Partridge Francolinus pictus - around Bombay. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 44|issue=2|page= 299|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48294882}} 15. ^{{cite journal|author=Ghate,RW |year=1975|title= The Painted Partridge on grassland round Nagpur airport. |journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume= 15|issue=9|page= 7}} 16. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Ali, S |author2=S D Ripley |lastauthoramp=yes | title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume= 2|year= 1980 |pages =25–27 }} 17. ^{{cite book|author=Jerdon, TC|year=1864|title=The Birds of India. Volume 3.|publisher=Military Orphan Press.|page=561|url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein03jerd#page/560/mode/2up}} 18. ^{{cite journal|author= Abdulali,Humayun |year=1965|title= Some notes on the Painted Partridge [Francolinus pictus (Jardine & Selby)] around Bombay : a correction. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=62|issue=1|page= 152|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47953525}} 19. ^{{cite journal|author=Barnes,HE |year=1886 |title= Birds' nesting in Rajpootana. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=1|issue=2|pages=38–62|url=https://archive.org/details/journalbombayna06socigoog}} 20. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Abdulali,Humayun |year=1964|title= Some notes on the Painted Partridge [Francolinus pictus (Jardine & Selby)] around Bombay. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 61|issue=2|pages=446–449|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48073014}} 21. ^{{cite journal|author1=Kaul,Rahul |author2=Howman,S |year=1992|title= Distribution and habitat requirements of the Northern Painted Francolin Francolinus pictus pallidus in Jamnagar, India. |journal=Gibier Faune Sauvage |volume=9|pages= 483–492}} 22. ^{{cite journal|author=Sharma,SC |year=1964|title= Winter food of the Painted Partridge [Francolinus pictus (Jardine & Selby)] in Rajasthan. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=61|issue=3|pages=686–688| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48073290}} 23. ^{{cite journal|author= David,A |year=1965|title= Winter food of the Painted Partridge [Francolinus pictus (Jardine & Selby)] in Rajasthan. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=62|issue=3|page=557|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47954032}} 24. ^Bird stamps External links
4 : Francolinus|Birds of India|Birds of Sri Lanka|Birds described in 1828 |
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