| 词条 | Pakhavaj |
| 释义 |
|name=Pakhawaj |names= |image= File:Pakhawaj.JPG |image_capt= |background=percussion |hornbostel_sachs= |hornbostel_sachs_desc= |developed=14th century, during Mughal period |range= |related= mridang, khol, tabla |musicians= |articles= Hindustani music }} The pakhawaj or mridang is a barrel-shaped, two-headed drum, originating from the Indian subcontinent,[1] a variant and descendant of the older mridang. It is the standard percussion instrument in the dhrupad style and is used as an accompaniment for various forms of music and dance performances. The pakhavaj has a low, mellow tone, very rich in harmonics. Set horizontally on a cushion in front of the drummer's crossed leg, the larger bass-skin is played with the left hand, the treble skin by the right hand. The bass face is smeared with wet wheat dough which acts as the kiran and is the cause of the vivid bass sound the pakhavaj produces. The Pakhawaj is tuned like the tabla, with wooden wedges that are placed under the tautening straps. The fine tuning is done on the woven outer ring which is part of the skin. The bass skin is traditionally prepared for playing by applying a freshly made batter of flour and water in order to receive its low-pitched sound.[2] EtymologyThe word {{IAST|pakhāvaja}} or {{IAST|pakhavāja}} is of Prakrit origin, whose Sanskrit equivalent is {{IAST|pakṣavādya}}. This word is derived from the words {{IAST|pakṣa}} ("a side"), and {{IAST|vādya}} ("a musical instrument"). This instrument is always known as pakhavaj and not pakshavadya. It is said that, during the 14th century, the great mridangists experimented with the materials used in mridang construction, and finally started using wood for the main body as opposed to the original clay. Thus, a new name pakhawaj emerged, whilst the older name, mridang was still used.[3] TechniqueAs with the tabla, the pakhavaj rhythms are taught by a series of mnemonic syllables known as bol. The playing technique varies from that of tabla in many aspects: in the bass face, the artist hits with his whole palm instead of the finger tip hitting which is done in tabla. In the treble face, the artist hits his whole palm with the fingers properly placed on the skin to produce different bols. In traditional pakhavaj styles a student would learn a number of different strokes which produce a specific sound. These are remembered and practiced with corresponding syllables. A very basic capacity is to play a theka in a particular tala or rhythmic cycle, as for instance chautala, unrelated to chowtal, a folksong in the Bhojpuri rejion, in 12 beats: | dha dha | din ta || kite dha | din ta | tite kata | gadi gene |Advanced students learn relas that are virtuoso pakhavaj compositions. See also{{Portal|Indian classical music}}
References1. ^{{cite book|author=James Blades|title=Percussion Instruments and Their History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8V3Z6j2ExEC&pg=PA138|accessdate=25 December 2012|year=1992|publisher=Bold Strumme|isbn=978-0-933224-61-2|pages=138–}} {{Indian musical instruments}}2. ^{{cite web|last1=Pakhavaj|first1=Tuning|title=Tuning Pakhavaj|url=http://www.indian-instruments.com/drums_and_percussion/pakhawaj.htm|website=http://www.indian-instruments.com|publisher=(N.A.)|accessdate=(N.A.)|ref=}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Sir Ralph Lilley Turner|title=Collected papers, 1912-1973|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TshAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 December 2012|year=1975|publisher=Oxford University Press}} 4 : Hindustani musical instruments|Hand drums|Pitched percussion|Indian musical instruments |
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