| 词条 | Dresden Generating Station |
| 释义 |
| name = Dresden Generating Station | name_official = | image = HD.6B.274 (11842857676).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Exterior view of Dresden Station circa 1971 | image_alt = | location_map = USA Illinois#USA | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|41|23|23|N|88|16|5|W|region:US-IL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = United States | location = Goose Lake Township, Grundy County, near Morris, Illinois | status = O | construction_began = Unit 1: May 1, 1956 Unit 2: January 10, 1966 Unit 3: October 14, 1966 | commissioned = Unit 1: July 4, 1960 Unit 2: June 9, 1970 Unit 3: November 16, 1971 | decommissioned = Unit 1: October 31, 1978 | cost = Unit 1: $423 million (2010 USD) or ${{format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|423e6|2010}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}} dollars{{Inflation-fn|US-GDP}} Unit 2: $856 million (2010 USD) or ${{format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|856e6|2010}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}} dollars{{Inflation-fn|US-GDP}} Unit 3: $828 million (2010 USD) or ${{format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|828e6|2010}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}} dollars{{Inflation-fn|US-GDP}} | owner = Exelon Corporation | operator = Exelon Generation Company, LLC | np_reactor_type = BWR | np_reactor_supplier = General Electric | np_fuel_type = | np_fuel_supplier = | ps_cogeneration = | ps_cooling_source = Direct open-cycle mode:{{efn|Currently only allowed when both units are out of service, rarely used.}} Intake from canal leading to the Kankakee River,{{efn|name=lowflow|During periods of low river flow, intake water may also be indirectly drawn from the Des Plaines River.}} discharge directly to the Illinois River. The cooling canal system, cooling lake, and the supplementary cooling towers are completely bypassed in this mode of operation. Indirect open-cycle mode:{{efn|Used from June 15 through September 30, or approximately 8.5 months of the year.}} Intake from canal leading to the Kankakee River,{{efn|name=lowflow}}{{efn|Up to {{conv|940,000|usgal/min}} is withdrawn from the river by six pumps each rated at {{conv|157,000|usgal/min}}).}} discharge to cooling canal leading to Dresden Cooling Lake,{{efn|name=liftlake|Water is pumped from the cooling canal into the {{conv|1275|acre}} cooling lake via a lift station with 6 × {{conv|167,000|usgal/min}} pumps. The cooling lake has 5 zones through which the water slowly travels over the course of 2.5 days before it exits the cooling lake.}} discharged from lake through return cooling canal that eventually discharges into the Illinois River. Use of the cooling towers for supplemental cooling of canal system water is usually necessary during this mode of operation. Closed-cycle mode:{{efn|Used from October 1 through June 14.}} Intake from return cooling canal leading back from Dresden Cooling Lake,{{efn|Limited amounts (up to {{conv|70,000|usgal/min}}) of makeup water is drawn from the Kankakee River as needed,{{efn|name=lowflow}} and limited discharge (up to {{conv|50,000|usgal/min}}) to the Illinois River happens in order to minimize dissolved solids concentrations in the cooling canals/lake.}} discharge to cooling canal leading to Dresden Cooling Lake.{{efn|name=liftlake}} Use of the cooling towers for supplemental cooling of canal system water is usually not necessary during this mode of operation. | ps_cooling_towers = 4 × Mechanical Draft (supplemental only){{efn|Prior to 2000, supplemental cooling was provided via spray canals (spray systems installed in both the hot and cold (return) cooling canals) rather than the current cooling towers.}}{{efn|1 × 12-cell tower (single-wide, built between 2000 and 2001), 2 × 18-cell towers (double-wide, built in 2000), and 1 × 6-cell tower (single-wide, built between 2003 and 2004) with an overall total of 54 cells. The 12-cell tower is only used for supplementary cooling of the cold (return) cooling canal as necessary in order to maintain discharge water temperatures within permitted levels, while the three other cooling towers are used for the supplementary cooling of water in the hot cooling canal. The three hot canal cooling towers are fed by 7 pumps rated at {{conv|135,067|usgal/min}} each (total flow of {{conv|735,469|usgal/min}}). The single 12-cell cold (return) canal cooling tower is fed by 24 pumps rated at {{conv|8800|usgal/min}} each (total flow of {{conv|211,200|usgal/min}}). The 6-cell tower was added to provide additional cooling for the extended power uprates (+17%) on Units 2 & 3 that Exelon requested in December 2000, which were approved by the NRC in December 2001, although it was not until the end of 2002 that the uprates were implemented at both units (the units were also not operated at the uprated power for most of 2003 due to steam dryer cracking problems), and this additional cooling tower meant to provide additional cooling capacity to accommodate the additional thermal output from the outrate was not added until sometime between 2003 and 2004.}} | ps_units_operational = 1 × 902 MW 1 × 895 MW | ps_units_manu_model = Unit 1: BWR-1 (Mark 1) Units 2–3: BWR-3 (Mark 1) | ps_units_uc = | ps_units_planned = | ps_units_cancelled = | ps_units_decommissioned= 1 × 197 MW | ps_thermal_capacity = 1 × 700 MWth (decommissioned) 2 × 2957 MWth | ps_heating_capacity = | ps_electrical_capacity = 1797 | ps_electrical_cap_fac = 98.13% (2017) 73.30% (lifetime, excluding Unit 1) | ps_storage_capacity = | ps_annual_generation = 15,447 GWh (2017) | website = Dresden Generating Station | extra = }} Dresden Generating Station (also known as Dresden Nuclear Power Plant or Dresden Nuclear Power Station) is the first privately financed nuclear power plant built in the United States. Dresden 1 was activated in 1960 and retired in 1978. Operating since 1970 are Dresden units 2 and 3, two General Electric BWR-3 boiling water reactors. Dresden Station is located on a {{convert|953|acre|adj=on}} site in Grundy County, Illinois, at the head of the Illinois River, near the city of Morris. It is immediately northeast of the Morris Operation—the only de facto high-level radioactive waste storage site in the United States. It serves Chicago and the northern quarter of the state of Illinois, capable of producing 867 megawatts of electricity from each of its two reactors, enough to power over one million average American homes. In 2004, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) renewed the operating licenses for both reactors, extending them from forty years to sixty.[1] ActivityBetween the 1970s and 1996, Dresden was fined $1.6 million for 25 incidents.
Surrounding populationThe Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of {{convert|10|mi}}, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about {{convert|50|mi}}, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.[7] The 2010 U.S. population within {{convert|10|mi}} of Dresden was 83,049, an increase of 47.6 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within {{convert|50|mi}} was 7,305,482, an increase of 3.5 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Chicago (43 miles to city center).[8] OwnershipBoth currently operating units are owned and operated by Exelon, which also owns and is responsible for the decommissioning of Unit 1. Prior to August 3, 2000, all three units were owned by Commonwealth Edison.[9][10] Seismic riskThe Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Dresden was 1 in 52,632, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.[11][12] Notes{{notelist|30em}}References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/applications/dresden-quad.html|title=Dresden and Quad Cities, Nuclear Power Stations — License Renewal Application|date=February 13, 2007|work=|publisher=U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)|accessdate=2008-11-19}} 2. ^1 {{cite book |https://archive.org/stream/congressionalrec118funit/congressionalrec118funit_djvu.txt |quote="This action was forbidden..." |title= 92nd CONGRESS |date=22 March 22 to 10 April1972}} 3. ^{{cite web|last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-china-syndrome-1979 |title=The China Syndrome Movie Review (1979) |publisher=Roger Ebert |date=1979-01-01 |accessdate=2013-12-30}} 4. ^[https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0037/ML003706185.pdf NRC dispatches special inspection team to Dresden Nuclear Plant to review reactor shutdown on May 15 (RIII-96-17)] U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). May 16, 1996. Retrieved 10 June 2016. 5. ^http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-06-26/news/9606260054_1_nuclear-power-plant-nuclear-regulatory-commission-station-manager 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.firedirect.net/index.php/2011/07/nrc-responds-to-alert-to-dresden-nuclear-power-plant/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-05-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130616152643/http://www.firedirect.net/index.php/2011/07/nrc-responds-to-alert-to-dresden-nuclear-power-plant/ |archivedate=2013-06-16 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/emerg-plan-prep-nuc-power-bg.html |title=NRC: Backgrounder on Emergency Preparedness at Nuclear Power Plants |publisher=Nrc.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-08-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002131207/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/emerg-plan-prep-nuc-power-bg.html |archivedate=2006-10-02 |df= }} 8. ^Bill Dedman, Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors, msnbc.com, April 14, 2011 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42555888/ns/us_news-life/ Accessed May 1, 2011. 9. ^{{cite report|author1=United States General Accounting Office|authorlink1=Government Accountability Office|title=NRC's Liability Insurance Requirements for Nuclear Power Plants Owned by Limited Liability Companies|date=8 May 2004|page=16|publisher=United States General Accounting Office|url=https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-654|accessdate=29 April 2018|format=PDF|oclc=56982748|id=GAO-04-654|lccn=2004398843}} 10. ^{{cite web|author1=Nuclear Regulatory Commission|authorlink1=Nuclear Regulatory Commission|title=Commonwealth Edison Company; Dresden Nuclear Power Station, Units 1, 2 and 3; Notice of Consideration of Approval of Application Regarding Proposed Corporate Restructuring and Opportunity for a Hearing|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2000/08/31/00-22337/commonwealth-edison-company-dresden-nuclear-power-station-units-1-2-and-3-notice-of-consideration-of|website=Federal Register|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|accessdate=29 April 2018|date=31 August 2000}} 11. ^Bill Dedman, "What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk," msnbc.com, March 17, 2011 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42103936/ Accessed April 19, 2011. 12. ^http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/NEWS/quake%20nrc%20risk%20estimates.pdf External links{{stack|{{Portal|Illinois|Energy|Nuclear technology}}}}
| url = http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/at_a_glance/reactors/dresden.html | archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090710070953/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/at_a_glance/reactors/dresden.html | dead-url = yes | archive-date = July 10, 2009 | title = Dresden Nuclear Power Plant, Illinois | date = August 22, 2008 |work= | publisher = Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) | accessdate = 2008-11-19 }}
| url = https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/reactor/dres2.html | title = Dresden 2 Boiling Water Reactor | date = February 14, 2008 | work= Operating Nuclear Power Reactors | publisher = U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) | accessdate = 2008-11-19 }}
| url = https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/reactor/dres3.html | title = Dresden 3 Boiling Water Reactor | date = February 14, 2008 | work= Operating Nuclear Power Reactors | publisher= NRC | accessdate = 2008-11-19 }}{{Nuclear power in the United States}} 7 : Energy infrastructure completed in 1960|Energy infrastructure completed in 1970|Energy infrastructure completed in 1971|Nuclear power plants in Illinois|Buildings and structures in Grundy County, Illinois|Illinois River|Exelon |
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