1. History

2. Design
     Statuary  

3. In films and on television

4. References

The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana, also known as the Palazzo della Civiltà del Lavoro or simply the Colosseo Quadrato (Square Colosseum), is Fascist architecture.

The building was designed in 1937 to host the Mostra della Civiltà Romana during the 1942 World Fair by Italian architects Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula and Mario Romano.

It lies in the district of Rome known as the Esposizione Universale Roma (also known as 'E.42' and 'EUR'). It is particularly symbolic of this district, exemplifying its monumentality.

History

The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana was constructed as part of the program of the Esposizione Universale Roma, a large business center and suburban complex, initiated in 1935 by Benito Mussolini for the planned 1942 world exhibition and as a symbol of fascism for the world. The Palazzo was designed by the architects Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno Lapadula and Mario Romano and constructed between 1938 and 1943. It was inaugurated on 30 November 1940 as the centerpiece of the Esposizione and continues to be its most iconic building. The structure is also considered one of the most representative examples of Fascist architecture at the EUR.

The exhibition was cancelled on June 3, 1941, while the building was being finished. It stood empty, abandoned for over a decade. The building opened its doors to the public for the first time in 1953. It hosted the Roma 1953 Agricultural Exhibition (EA53).^[1][2]

Between 2003 and 2008, the palace was closed to the public for restoration. Since 2015, it has housed the headquarters of luxury fashion label Fendi, and will continue to do so for the next 15 years at least. Fendi will reportedly pay 2.8 million euros per annum to occupy the space.^[3] The ground floor of the building will reportedly be left clear to house exhibitions celebrating Italian craftsmanship.^[4]

An exhibition, entitled "Una Nuova Roma", about the history of the EUR district was on display until March 7, 2016, on the ground floor of the building.

Design

The EUR provides a large-scale image of how urban Italy might have looked if the fascist regime had not fallen during the war—large, symmetrical streets and austere buildings of limestone, tuff and marble, in either Stile Littorio (lictor), inspired by ancient Roman architecture, or Rationalism. Its architectural style is often called simplified neoclassicism. Marcello Piacentini, the coordinator of the commission for E42, based it on the Italian Rationalism of Pagano, Libera, and Michelucci.

The design of the "Square Colosseum" was inspired more to celebrate the Colosseum, and the structure was intended by Benito Mussolini as a celebration of the older Roman landmark. Similar to the Colosseum, the palace has a series of superimposed loggias, shown on the façade as six rows of nine arches each. These numbers are said to be an allusion to the name of the Fascist dictator: "Benito" having six letters and "Mussolini," nine.{{By whom|date=October 2012}} Atop all four sides of the building runs the inscription taken from a speech of Benito Mussolini on 2 October 1935:"Un popolo di poeti, di artisti, di eroi, di santi, di pensatori, di scienziati, di navigatori, di trasmigratori" (English: a nation of poets, of artists, of heroes, of saints, of thinkers, of scientists, of navigators, of migrants).^[5][6][7]

The palace is entirely clad in travertine marble, as is characteristic of buildings in the EUR. It is a parallelepiped on a square base, with six levels rising above a podium. The scale is imposing: the base covers an area of 8,400 square meters, and the building has volume 205,000 cubic meters with a height 68 meters (50 meters from the base).

Statuary

At the four corners of the podium are placed four equestrian sculptural groups by Publio Morbiducci and Alberto de Felci, representing the Dioscuri, the two mythical Greek heroes, sons of Zeus and Leda. About the base of the building are 28 additional statues of approximately 3.4 meters in height, each under an arch, illustrating various industries and trades. These statues were added in 1942, having been constructed by eight companies specialized in the working of Carrara marble in the provinces of Lucca and Massa-Carrara. Going about the building in a clockwise fashion from the entrance, the statues would represent:

• Heroism
• Music
• Handicrafts
• Political Genius
• the Social Order
• Labor
• Agriculture
• Philosophy
• Commerce
• Industry
• Archaeology
• Astronomy
• History
• Inventive Genius
• Architecture
• Law
• the Supremacy of Navigation
• Sculpture
• Mathematics
• the Genius of the Theatre
• Chemistry
• Printing
• Medicine
• Geography
• Physics
• the Genius of Poetry
• Painting
• Military genius

In films and on television

Because of its bold appearance and iconic status, the palace has appeared in a number of films, including (in chronological order):

• Rome, Open City (1945)
• Boccaccio '70 (1962), in the episode Le tentazioni del dottor Antonio by Federico Fellini, with Peppino de Filippo and Anita Ekberg
• The Last Man on Earth (1964) by Ubaldo Ragona and Sidney Salkow, with Vincent Price
• The Conformist (1970) by Bernardo Bertolucci; Member of List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes
• The Belly of an Architect (1987) by Peter Greenaway
• Hudson Hawk (1991) by Michael Lehmann, with Bruce Willis
• Fatal Frames (1996) by Al Festa, with Rick Gianasi
• Titus (1999) by Julie Taymor, with Anthony Hopkins
• Equilibrium (2001) by Kurt Wimmer, with Christian Bale
• Zoolander 2 (2016)

References

• North American AJ
• North American Arms
• North American Association of Jewish Homes and Housing for the Aging
• North American AT-6
• North American Atlantic Region
• North American Baptist Seminary
• North American BC-1
• North American bee disappearance of 2007
• North American Bison
• North American bison
• North American blizzard of 1966
• North American blizzard of 1977
• North American blizzard of 1978
• North American blizzard of 1999
• North American blizzard of 2003
• North American blizzard of 2006
• North American blizzard of 2007
• North American Board of Naturopathic Examiners
• North American Boxing Council
• North American Boxing Federation
• North American Boxing Organisation
• North American Bridge Championships
• North American brook salamanders
• North American brown lemming
• North American BT-9