“Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company Limited, often referred to simply as "Palmers", was a British shipbuilding company. The Company was based in Jarrow, County Durham, in north-eastern England, and also had operations in Hebburn and Willington Quay on the River Tyne.

History

Early history and growth

The company was established in 1852 by Charles Mark Palmer as Palmer Brothers & Co. in Jarrow.^[1] Later that year it launched the John Bowes, the first iron screw collier.^[1]{{sfn|Dillon|1900|pp=16–7}} By 1900 the business was known as Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company.{{sfn|Dillon|1900|p=}}{{refn|Some 19th-century and later sources refer to the company as "Palmer's Shipbuilding and Iron Company", with an apostrophe, but in Some Account of the Works of Palmers Shipbuilding & Iron Company Limited, which was compiled by the business's company secretary Malcom Dillon and published in 1900, the name is given throughout as "Palmers ...", without the apostrophe.{{sfn|Gibbs|1896|p=8}}{{sfn|Anon.|1899|p=475}}{{sfn|Dillon|1900|p=}}|group=Fn}} At that time, besides building ships, it manufactured and processed its own steel and other metals, and its products included Reed water tube boilers and marine steam engines.{{sfn|Dillon|1900|pp=28–50}}{{refn|"A speciality of [Palmers' engine works] is the manufacture of the 'Reed' water-tube boiler, the invention of Mr J. W. Reed, manager of the engine works department, which has been adopted with well-known results in ... high-speed [torpedo boat destroyers] ..., and also in vessels constructed for the Admiralty on the Clyde. It may be observed that nearly 25 miles [40 km] of tubes are used in the manufacture of the boilers and machinery of each 30-knot destroyer."{{sfn|Dillon|1900|pp=33–4}}|group=Fn}} By 1902 Palmers' base at Jarrow occupied about 100 acres (41 hectares) and included 0.75 miles (1.2 kilometres) of the southern bank of the River Tyne, and employed about 10,000 men and boys.{{sfn|Anon.|1902|pp=613, 616}} In 1910 Sir Charles Palmer's interest in the business was acquired by Lord Furness who, as Chairman, expanded the business by acquiring a lease over a new graving dock at Hebburn from Robert Stephenson and Company.^[2] In 1919 Palmers laid down the {{SS|Gairsoppa}}, which was sunk by a German U-boat in 1941, causing the loss of 84 lives and {{convert|200|lt|t|0|abbr=off}} of silver.^[3]^[4]

Depression and collapse

The Great Depression, which began in 1929, all but destroyed the shipbuilding industry, which would not rebound until the Second World War. In 1931, Palmers posted a loss of £88,867 ({{Inflation|UK|88867|1931|r=-3|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}). The company received a moratorium from its creditors in order to extend repayment. In January 1933, the majority of the company's unsecured creditors met in London and agreed to extend the moratorium a further six months.^[5]

However, Palmers' was unable to survive and collapsed by the end of the year. The company's blast furnaces and steel works—which covered 37 acres—were put up for auction.^[6] The Jarrow yard was sold to National Shipbuilders Securities, which closed it down in order to sell it, causing much unemployment and leading to the Jarrow March.^[7] After the shipyard closed Sir John Jarvis used the engine shop as a steel foundry, the steel coming from the breaker's yard that scrapped the White Star liner {{RMS|Olympic||2}} and the Berengaria.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

The company retained the yard at Hebburn and was subsequently acquired by Armstrong Whitworth, becoming Palmers Hebburn Company.^[8] In 1973, Vickers-Armstrongs, successor to Armstrong Whitworth, sold the Palmers Dock at Hebburn to Swan Hunter and developed it as the Hebburn Shipbuilding Dock.^[9] This facility was acquired in turn from the receivers of Swan Hunter by Tyne Tees Dockyard in 1994, which sold it to Cammell Laird in 1995. When the latter entered receivership in 2001, the dock was acquired by A&P Group.^[10]^[11] The yard remains in use as a ship repair and refurbishment facility.^[12]

Ships built by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company

Naval

Battlecruisers

Battleships

Cruisers

Destroyers

Monitors

River gunboats

Merchant and leisure

Cable ships

Cargo ships

Oil tankers

Passenger ships

Steam yachts

Tugs

See also

References

Footnotes

1. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/newcastle-campaigns/st-oswalds-hospice/2007/05/22/building-for-the-world-61634-19266366/ |title=Building for the world |work=The Journal |date=22 May 2007 |accessdate=10 November 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dmm.org.uk/archives/a_obit16.htm |title=Christopher Furness, Obituary |work=The Times |date=11 November 1912 |accessdate=10 November 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15061868 |title=Shipwreck of SS Gairsoppa reveals £150m silver haul |publisher=BBC News |date=26 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126065835/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15061868 |archivedate=26 November 2016 |deadurl=no |accessdate=10 February 2017}}
4. ^{{cite journal |author1=C. Michael Hogan (Lead Author) |author2=Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) |date=21 May 2012 |title=SS Gairsoppa recovery |journal=Encyclopedia of Earth |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment |editor1-first=Cutler J |editor1-last=Cleveland |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/SS_Gairsoppa_recovery?topic=49523 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104150530/http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/170458/ |archivedate=4 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=10 February 2017 }}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Palmers' Moratorium|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000640/19330114/126/0004|accessdate=12 August 2017|work=Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette|date=14 January 1933}}
6. ^{{cite news |title=Steel Works to be Sold at Auction |work=The Times |publisher=The Times Digital Archive |page=11 |date=10 July 1934 }}
7. ^Charles Palmer {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208082152/http://www.wiki-north-east.co.uk/topics/charles-palmer |date=8 February 2009 }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/pdf/arkrep.pdf |title=Report on the Access to Shipbuilding Collections in North East England (ARK) Project |first1=Margaret |last1=Crockett |first2=Janet |last2=Foster |work=Tyne & Wear Archives |date=October 2005 |accessdate=10 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103215409/http://www.tyneandweararchives.org.uk/pdf/arkrep.pdf |archivedate=3 November 2013 |df=dmy }}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.swanhunter.com/history_p6.html |title=Swan Hunter History: Naval ships |work=swanhunter.com |year=2010 |accessdate=10 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222140142/http://www.swanhunter.com/history_p6.html |archivedate=22 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/PalmerDD.html |title=Shipbuilder: Palmers Hebburn Co Ltd, Hebburn (1934 – 1973) |publisher=Tyne Built Ships |date=n.d. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301220644/http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/PalmerDD.html |archivedate=1 March 2014 |deadurl=no|accessdate=10 February 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.readabstracts.com/Transportation-industry/Western-yards-go-it-alone-Conversions-and-coatings-keep-yards-busy.html |title=UK north east yards extend dock capacity |work=Motor Ship |year=1995 |accessdate=10 November 2012}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thejournal.co.uk/business/business-news/new-owner-ap-tyne-shipyard-4435816 |title=New owner for A&P Tyne shipyard |work=The Journal |date=2 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308235035/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/business/business-news/new-owner-ap-tyne-shipyard-4435816 |archivedate=8 March 2016 |deadurl=no |accessdate=10 February 2017}}
13. ^http://www.tynetugs.co.uk/Palmer.html
14. ^http://www.tynetugs.co.uk/northumberland1852.html