| 词条 | Palm Springs, California | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Palm Springs, California |settlement_type = City |official_name = City of Palm Springs |image_skyline = Downtown_Palm_Springs_CA.JPG |image_caption = Downtown Palm Springs |image_flag = |image_seal = |nickname = |image_map = Riverside County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Palm Springs Highlighted.svg |map_caption = Location within Riverside County |pushpin_map = California#USA |pushpin_map_caption = Location within California##Location within the United States |pushpin_relief = 1 |pushpin_label = Palm Springs |coordinates = {{coord|33|49|49|N|116|32|43|W|region:US-CA|display=inline,title}} |coordinates_footnotes = [1] |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{USA}} |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|California|size=23px}} |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Riverside County, California.png|size=23px}} Riverside |established_title = Incorporated |established_date = April 20, 1938[2] |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Robert Moon[3] | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = [4] | area_total_sq_mi = 94.98 | area_total_km2 = 245.99 | area_land_sq_mi = 94.12 | area_land_km2 = 243.78 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.85 | area_water_km2 = 2.21 | area_water_percent = 0.90 |elevation_footnotes = [1] |elevation_ft = 479 |elevation_m = 146 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes = [5] |population_total = 44552 |pop_est_as_of = 2017 |pop_est_footnotes = [7] |population_est = 48142 |population_density_km2 = 195.62 |timezone = Pacific |utc_offset = −8 |timezone_DST = PDT |utc_offset_DST = −7 |postal_code_type = ZIP codes |postal_code = 92262–92264 |area_code_type = Area codes |area_code = 442/760 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = {{FIPS|06|55254}} |blank1_name = GNIS feature IDs |blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1652768}}, {{GNIS 4|2411357}} |website = {{URL|www.palmsprings-ca.gov|palmsprings-ca.gov}} |population_density_sq_mi = 506.66 }} Palm Springs (Cahuilla: Se-Khi)[6][7] is a desert resort city in Riverside County, California, United States, within the Coachella Valley. It is located approximately {{convert|55|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of San Bernardino, {{convert|107|mi|km|abbr=on}} east of Los Angeles, {{convert|123|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of San Diego, and {{convert|268|mi|km|abbr=on}} west of Phoenix, Arizona. The population was 44,552 as of the 2010 census. Palm Springs covers approximately {{Convert|94|sqmi}}, making it the largest city in the county by land area. Golf, swimming, tennis, biking, hiking and horseback riding in the nearby desert and mountain areas are major forms of recreation in Palm Springs. The city is also known for its mid-century modern architecture, design elements, and arts and cultural scene.[8] Palm Springs is a popular retirement destination, as well as a winter snowbird destination; during the winter months (November to March), the city's population triples.[9] {{TOC limit|limit=3}}HistoryFoundingPre-colonial historyThe first humans to settle in the area were the Cahuilla people, 2,000 years ago.[10][11][12] Cahuilla Indians lived here in isolation from other cultures for hundreds of years prior to European contact.[13] They spoke Ivilyuat, which is a dialect of the Uto-Aztecan language family.[14] Numerous prominent and powerful Cahuilla leaders were from Palm Springs, including Cahuilla Lion (Chief Juan Antonio).[15] While Palm Canyon was occupied during winter months, they often moved to cooler Chino Canyon during the summer months.[16] The Cahuilla Indians had several permanent settlements in the canyons of Palm Springs, due to the abundance of water and shade. Various hot springs were used during wintertime. The Cahuilla hunted rabbit, mountain goat and quail, while also trapping fish in nearby lakes and rivers. While men were responsible for hunting, women were responsible for collecting berries, acorns and seeds. They also made tortillas from mesquite beans.[10] While the Cahuillas often spent the summers in Indian Canyons, the current site of Spa Resort Casino in downtown was often used during winter due to its natural hot springs.[11] Native-American petroglyphs can be seen in Tahquitz, Chino, and Indian canyons. The Cahuilla’s irrigation ditches, dams and house pits can also be seen here.[17] Ancient petroglyphs, pictographs and mortar holes can be seen in Andreas Canyon. The mortar holes were used to grind acorns into meals.[18][19] The Agua Caliente (“Hot Water”) Reservation was established in 1876 and consists of 31,128 acres. Six thousand seven hundred acres are located by Downtown Palm Springs.[20] The Native American land is on long lease land and next to one of California’s high-end communities, making the tribe one of the wealthiest in California.[21] The first name for Palm Springs was given by the native Cahuilla: "Se-Khi" (boiling water).[6][7] When the Agua Caliente Reservation was established by the United States government in 1876, the reservation land was composed of alternating sections (640 acres) of land laid out across the desert in a checkerboard pattern. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the Sonoran desert. A number of streets and areas in Palm Springs are named for Native-American notables, including Andreas, Arenas, Amado, Belardo, Lugu, Patencio, Saturnino and Chino. All of these are common Cahuilla surnames.[11] Presently the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians are composed of several smaller bands who live in the modern day Coachella Valley and San Gorgonio Pass. The Agua Caliente Reservation occupies {{convert|32000|acre}}, of which {{convert|6700|acre}} lie within the city limits, making the Agua Caliente natives the city's largest landowners. (Tribal enrollment as of 2010 is 410 people.[22]) Mexican explorersAs of 1821 Mexico was independent of Spain and in March 1823 the Mexican Monarchy ended. That same year (in December) Mexican diarist José María Estudillo and Brevet Captain José Romero were sent to find a route from Sonora to Alta California; on their expedition they first recorded the existence of "Agua Caliente" at Palm Springs, California.[23][24]{{rp|30}} With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the Mexican-American war, the region became part of the United States in 1848. Later 19th centuryEarly names and European settlersOne possible origin of palm in the place name comes from early Spanish explorers who referred to the area as La Palma de la Mano de Dios or "The Palm of God's hand".[25] The earliest use of the name "Palm Springs" is from United States Topographical Engineers who used the term in 1853 maps.[26] According to William Bright, when the word "palm" appears in Californian place names, it usually refers to the native California fan palm, Washingtonia filifera, which is abundant in the Palm Springs area.[27] Other early names were "Palmetto Spring" and "Big Palm Springs".[28] The first European resident in Palm Springs itself was Jack Summers, who ran the stagecoach station on the Bradshaw Trail in 1862.[29]{{rp|44, 149}} Fourteen years later (1876), the Southern Pacific railroad was laid 6 miles to the north, isolating the station.[29]{{rp|17}} In 1880, local Indian Pedro Chino was selling parcels near the springs to William Van Slyke and Mathew Bryne in a series of questionable transactions; they in turn brought in W. R. Porter to help market their property through the "Palm City Land and Water Company".[24]{{rp|275}} By 1885, when San Francisco attorney (later known as "Judge") John Guthrie McCallum began buying property in Palm Springs, the name was already in wide acceptance. The area was named "Palm Valley" when McCallum incorporated the "Palm Valley Land and Water Company" with partners O.C. Miller, H.C. Campbell, and James Adams, M.D.[24]{{rp|280}}[30][31] Land development and droughtMcCallum, who had brought his ill son to the dry climate for health, brought in irrigation advocate Dr. Oliver Wozencroft and engineer J. P. Lippincott to help construct a canal from the Whitewater River to fruit orchards on his property.[24]{{rp|276–9}} He also asked Dr. Welwood Murray to establish a hotel across the street from his residence. Murray did so in 1886 (he later became a famous horticulturalist).[24]{{rp|280}} The crops and irrigation systems suffered flooding in 1893 from record rainfall, and then an 11-year drought (1894–1905) caused further damage.[23]{{rp|40}} 20th centuryResort developmentThe city became a fashionable resort in the 1900s[32] when health tourists arrived with conditions that required dry heat. Because of the heat, however, the population dropped markedly in the summer months.[33] In 1906 naturalist and travel writer George Wharton James' two volume The Wonders of the Colorado Desert described Palm Springs as having "great charms and attractiveness"[34]{{rp|278–81}} and included an account of his stay at Murray's hotel.[35] As James also described, Palm Springs was more comfortable in its microclimate because the area was covered in the shadow of Mount San Jacinto to the west[30] and in the winter the mountains block cold winds from the San Gorgonio pass.[36] Early illustrious visitors included John Muir and his daughters, U.S. Vice President Charles Fairbanks, and Fanny Stevenson, widow of Robert Louis Stevenson; still, Murray's hotel was closed in 1909 and torn down in 1954.[23]{{rp|45}} Nellie N. Coffman and her physician husband Harry established The Desert Inn as a hotel and sanitarium in 1909.[37][38] It was expanded as a modern hotel in 1927 and continued on until 1967.[23]{{rp|Ch. 13}}[39][40] Coffman herself was a "driving force" in the city's tourism industry until her death in 1950.[41] James' Wonders of the Colorado Desert was followed in 1920 by J. Smeaton Chase's Our Araby: Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun, which also served to promote the area.[42] In 1924 Pearl McCallum (daughter of Judge McCallum) returned to Palm Springs and built the Oasis Hotel with her husband Austin G. McManus; the Modern/Art Deco resort was designed by Lloyd Wright and featured a 40-foot tower.[23]{{rp|68–9}}[43] The next major hotel was the El Mirador, a large and luxurious resort that attracted the biggest movie stars; opening in 1927, its prominent feature was a 68-foot tall Renaissance style tower.[23]{{rp|Ch. 23}}[44] Silent film star Fritzi Ridgeway's 100-room Hotel del Tahquitz was built in 1929, next to the "Fool's Folly" mansion built by Chicago heiress Lois Kellogg.[45] Golfing was available at the O'Donnell 9 hole course (1926) and the El Mirador (1929) course (see Golf below). Hollywood movie stars were attracted by the hot dry, sunny weather and seclusion – they built homes and estates in the Warm Sands, The Mesa, and Historic Tennis Club neighborhoods (see Neighborhoods below). About 20,000 visitors came to the area in 1922.[46] Palm Springs became popular with movie stars in the 1930s[47] and estate building expanded into the Movie Colony neighborhoods, Tahquitz River Estates, and Las Palmas neighborhoods. Actors Charles Farrell and Ralph Bellamy opened the Racquet Club in 1934[23]{{rp|Ch. 25}}[48][49] and Pearl McCallum opened the Tennis Club in 1937.[43] Nightclubs were set up as well, with Al Wertheimer opening The Dunes outside of Palm Springs in 1934[23]{{rp|254}} and the Chi Chi nightclub opening in 1936.[50][51] Besides the gambling available at the Dunes Club, other casinos included The 139 Club and The Cove Club outside of the city.[52][53] Southern California's first self-contained shopping center was established in Palm Springs as the Plaza Shopping Center in 1936.[54]
World War IIWhen the United States entered World War II, Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley were important in the war effort. The original airfield near Palm Springs became a staging area for the Air Corps Ferrying Command's 21st Ferrying Group in November 1941 and a new airfield was built ½ mile from the old site. The new airfield,[58]{{rp|43}} designated Palm Springs Army Airfield,[70] was completed in early 1942. Personnel from the Air Transport Command 560th Army Air Forces Base Unit stayed at the La Paz Guest Ranch and training was conducted at the airfield by the 72nd and 73rd Ferrying Squadrons. Later training was provided by the IV Fighter Command 459th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron. Eight months before Pearl Harbor Day, the El Mirador Hotel was fully booked and adding new facilities.[71] After the war started, the U.S. government bought the hotel from owner Warren Phinney for $750,000[72] and converted it into the Torney General Hospital,[73] with Italian prisoners of war serving as kitchen help and orderlies in 1944 and 1945.[59] Through the war it was staffed with 1,500 personnel and treated some 19,000 patients.[49]{{rp|55}} General Patton's Desert Training Center encompassed the entire region, with its headquarters in Camp Young at the Chiriaco Summit and an equipment depot maintained by the 66th Ordnance in present-day Palm Desert.[58]{{rp|40}} Post World War IIArchitectural modernists flourished with commissions from the stars, using the city to explore architectural innovations, new artistic venues, and an exotic back-to-the-land experiences. Inventive architects designed unique vacation houses, such as steel houses with prefabricated panels and folding roofs, a glass-and-steel house in a boulder-strewn landscape, and a carousel house that turned to avoid the sun's glare.[74] In 1946 Richard Neutra designed the Edgar and Liliane Kaufmann House. A modernist classic, this mostly glass residence incorporated the latest technological advances in building materials, using natural lighting and floating planes and flowing space for proportion and detail.[75] In recent years an energetic preservation program has protected and enhanced many classic buildings. Culver (2010) argues that Palm Springs architecture became the model for mass-produced suburban housing, especially in the Southwest. This "Desert Modern" style was a high-end architectural style featuring open-design plans, wall-to-wall carpeting, air-conditioning, swimming pools, and very large windows. As Culver concludes, "While environmentalists might condemn desert modern, the masses would not. Here, it seemed, were houses that fully merged inside and outside, providing spaces for that essential component of Californian—and indeed middle-class American—life: leisure. While not everyone could have a Neutra masterpiece, many families could adopt aspects of Palm Springs modern."[76] Hollywood values permeated the resort as it combined celebrity, health, new wealth, and sex. As Culver (2010) explains: "The bohemian sexual and marital mores already apparent in Hollywood intersected with the resort atmosphere of Palm Springs, and this new, more open sexuality would gradually appear elsewhere in national tourist culture."[76] During this period, the city government, stimulated by real estate developers systematically removed and excluded poor people and Indians.[77][78] Palm Springs was pictured by the French photographer Robert Doisneau in November 1960 as part of an assignment for Fortune[79] on the construction of golf courses in this particularly dry and hot area of the Colorado desert. Doisneau submitted around 300 slides following his ten-day stay depicting the lifestyle of wealthy retirees and Hollywood stars in the 1960s. At the time, Palm Springs counted just 19 courses, which had grown to 125 by 2010.[80] Year-round livingSimilar to the pre-war era, Palm Springs remained popular with the rich and famous of Hollywood, as well as retirees and Canadian tourists.[81] Between 1947 and 1965, the Alexander Construction Company built some 2,200 houses in Palm Springs effectively doubling its housing capacity. As the 1970s drew to a close, increasing numbers of retirees moved to the Coachella Valley. As a result, Palm Springs began to evolve from a virtual ghost town in the summer to a year-round community. Businesses and hotels that used to close for the months of July and August instead remained open all summer. As commerce grew, so too did the number of families with children. The recession of 1973–1975 affected Palm Springs as many of the wealthy residents had to cut back on their spending.[82] Later in the 1970s numerous Chicago mobsters invested $50 million in the Palm Springs area, buying houses, land, and businesses.[83] While Palm Springs faced competition from the desert cities to the east in the later 1980s,[84] it has continued to prosper into the 21st century.[85] Spring breakSince the early 1950s[86] the city had been a popular spring break resort. Glamorized as a destination in the 1963 movie Palm Springs Weekend,[87] the number of visitors grew and at times the gatherings had problems. In 1969 an estimated 15,000 people had gathered for a concert at the Palm Springs Angel Stadium and 300 were arrested for drunkenness or disturbing the peace.[88] In the 1980s 10,000+ college students would visit the city and form crowds and parties – and another rampage occurred in 1986[89] when Palm Springs Police in riot gear had to put down the rowdy crowd.[90] In 1990, due to complaints by residents, mayor Sonny Bono and the city council closed the city's Palm Canyon Drive to Spring Breakers and the downtown businesses lost money normally filled by the tourists.[91] TodayTourism is a major factor in the city's economy with 1.6 million visitors in 2011.[46] The city has over 130 hotels and resorts, numerous bed and breakfasts and over 100 restaurants and dining spots.[92] Following the 2008 recession Palm Springs revitalized its Downtown, "the Village". Rebuilding started with the demolition of the Bank of America building in January 2012, with the Desert Fashion Plaza scheduled for demolition later in 2012.[93] The movement behind Mid-Century modern architecture (1950s/60s era) in Palm Springs is backed by architecture enthusiasts, artistic designers and local historians to preserve many of Central Palm Springs' buildings and houses of famous celebrities, businessmen and politicians. Geography and environmentPalm Springs is located at {{Coord|33|49|26|N|116|31|49|W|type:city}} (33.823990, −116.530339) in the Sonoran Desert. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|95.0|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|94.1|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.9|sqmi|km2}} (1%) is water. Located in the Coachella Valley desert region, Palm Springs is sheltered by the San Bernardino Mountains to the north, the Santa Rosa Mountains to the south, by the San Jacinto Mountains to the west and by the Little San Bernardino Mountains to the east. ClimatePalm Springs has a hot desert climate, with over 300 days of sunshine and around {{convert|4.83|in|mm|1}} of rain annually.[94] The winter months are warm, with a majority of days reaching {{convert|70|°F|0}} and in January and February days often see temperatures of {{convert|80|°F|0}} and on occasion reach over {{convert|90|°F|0}}, while, on average, there are 17 nights annually dipping to or below {{convert|40|°F|0}};[94] freezing temperatures occur in less than half of years. The lowest temperature recorded is {{convert|19|°F|0}}, on January 22, 1937.[136] Summer often sees daytime temperatures above {{convert|110|°F|0}} coupled with warm overnight lows remaining above {{convert|80|°F|0}}. The mean annual temperature is {{convert|74.6|°F|1}}. There are 180 days with a high reaching {{convert|90|°F|0}}, and {{convert|100|°F|0}} can be seen on 116 days.[94] The highest temperature on record in Palm Springs is {{convert|123|°F|0}}, most recently achieved on July 28 and 29, 1995.[95] {{Weather box|location = Palm Springs Fire Station 2, California (1981–2010 normals)|single line = Y |Jan high F = 70.8 |Feb high F = 74.0 |Mar high F = 80.4 |Apr high F = 87.7 |May high F = 95.7 |Jun high F = 103.7 |Jul high F = 108.1 |Aug high F = 107.3 |Sep high F = 101.9 |Oct high F = 91.2 |Nov high F = 78.5 |Dec high F = 69.2 |year high F= 89.0 |Jan mean F = 58.1 |Feb mean F = 61.0 |Mar mean F = 66.3 |Apr mean F = 72.6 |May mean F = 80.0 |Jun mean F = 87.2 |Jul mean F = 92.8 |Aug mean F = 92.4 |Sep mean F = 86.9 |Oct mean F = 76.7 |Nov mean F = 65.0 |Dec mean F = 56.6 |year mean F = 74.6 |Jan low F = 45.4 |Feb low F = 48.0 |Mar low F = 52.2 |Apr low F = 57.4 |May low F = 64.3 |Jun low F = 70.8 |Jul low F = 77.5 |Aug low F = 77.6 |Sep low F = 71.9 |Oct low F = 62.3 |Nov low F = 51.6 |Dec low F = 44.1 |year low F= 60.3 |Jan record high F = 95 |Feb record high F = 99 |Mar record high F = 104 |Apr record high F = 112 |May record high F = 116 |Jun record high F = 122 |Jul record high F = 123 |Aug record high F = 123 |Sep record high F = 121 |Oct record high F = 116 |Nov record high F = 102 |Dec record high F = 93 |year record high F= 123 |Jan record low F = 19 |Feb record low F = 24 |Mar record low F = 29 |Apr record low F = 34 |May record low F = 36 |Jun record low F = 44 |Jul record low F = 54 |Aug record low F = 52 |Sep record low F = 46 |Oct record low F = 30 |Nov record low F = 23 |Dec record low F = 23 |year record low F= 19 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 1.15 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.11 |Mar precipitation inch = 0.53 |Apr precipitation inch = 0.06 |May precipitation inch = 0.02 |Jun precipitation inch = 0.02 |Jul precipitation inch = 0.13 |Aug precipitation inch = 0.29 |Sep precipitation inch = 0.23 |Oct precipitation inch = 0.24 |Nov precipitation inch = 0.32 |Dec precipitation inch = 0.87 |year precipitation inch= 4.97 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 3.1 |Feb precipitation days = 3.2 |Mar precipitation days = 1.6 |Apr precipitation days = 0.6 |May precipitation days = 0.2 |Jun precipitation days = 0 |Jul precipitation days = 0.6 |Aug precipitation days = 0.9 |Sep precipitation days = 0.8 |Oct precipitation days = 0.7 |Nov precipitation days = 0.8 |Dec precipitation days = 1.9 |source 1 = NOAA (extremes 1917–present)[96]|date = April 2012}} EcologyThe locale features a variety of native Low Desert flora and fauna. A notable tree occurring in the wild and under cultivation is the California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera.[97] NeighborhoodsThe City of Palm Springs has developed a program to identify distinctive neighborhoods in the community.[98] Of the 33 neighborhoods,[98] 7 have historical and cultural significance.[99] Movie Colony neighborhoodsThe Movie Colony is just east of Palm Canyon Drive.[100] The Movie Colony East neighborhood extends further east from the Ruth Hardy Park.[101] These areas started growing in the 1930s as Hollywood movie stars built their smaller getaways from their Los Angeles area estates. Bob Hope, Frank Sinatra, Estée Lauder, Carmen Miranda and Bing Crosby built homes in these neighborhoods. El Rancho Vista EstatesIn the 1960s, Robert Fey built 70 homes designed by Donald Wexler and Ric Harrison in the El Rancho Vista Estates.[102] Noted residents included Jack LaLanne and comic Andy Dick. Warm SandsHistoric homes in the Warm Sands area date from the 1920s and many were built from adobe.[103] It also includes small resorts and the Ramon Mobile Home Park. Noted residents have included screenwriter Walter Koch, artist Paul Grimm, activist Cleve Jones and actor Wesley Eure. The MesaThe Mesa started off as a gated community developed in the 1920s near the Indian Canyons.[104] Noted residents have included King Gillette, Zane Grey, Clark Gable, Carole Lombard, Suzanne Somers, Herman Wouk, Henry Fernandez, Barry Manilow and Trina Turk. Distinctive homes include Donald Wexler's "butterfly houses" and the "Streamline Moderne Ship of the Desert".[105] Tahquitz River EstatesSome of the homes in this neighborhood date from the 1930s. The area was owned by Pearl McCallum McManus and she started building homes in the neighborhood after World War II ended. Dr. William Scholl (Dr. Scholl's foot products) owned a 10-acre estate here. Today the neighborhood is the largest neighborhood organization with 600 homes and businesses within its boundaries.[106] Sunmor EstatesDuring World War II, the original Sunmor Estates area was the western portion the Palm Springs Army Airfield.[107] Homes here were developed by Robert Higgins and the Alexander Construction Company. Actor and former mayor Frank Bogert bought his home for $16,000 and lived there for more than 50 years. Historic Tennis ClubImpoverished artist Carl Eytel first set up his cabin on what would become the Tennis Club in 1937. Another artist in the neighborhood, who built his Moroccan-style "Dar Marrac" estate in 1924, was Gordon Coutts.[108] Other estates include Samuel Untermyer's Mediterranean style villa (now The Willows Historic Palm Springs Inn),[109] the Casa Cody Inn, built by Harriet and Harold William Cody (cousin of Buffalo Bill Cody) and the Ingleside Inn,[110] built in the 1920s by the Humphrey Birge family. The neighborhood now has about 400 homes, condos, apartments, inns and restaurants.[111] Las Palmas neighborhoodsTo the west of Palm Canyon Drive are the Vista Las Palmas,[112] Old Las Palmas, and Little Tuscany neighborhoods.[113] These areas also feature distinctive homes and celebrity estates. Racquet Club EstatesHistoric Racquet Club Estates, located north of Vista Chino, is home to over five hundred mid-century modern homes from the Alexander Construction Company. "Meiselman" homes, and the famed Donald Wexler steel homes (having Class One historic designation) are also prominent in the area.[114] Racquet Club Estates was Palm Springs' first middle income neighborhood. Deepwell EstatesDeepwell Estates, the eastern portion of the square mile defined by South/East Palm Canyon, Mesquite, and Sunrise, contains around 370 homes, including notable homes architecturally and of celebrity figures. Among the celebrities who lived in the neighborhood are Jerry Lewis, Loretta Young, Liberace, and William Holden.[115][116] Demographics2010{{US Census population|1940= 3434 |1950= 7660 |1960= 13468 |1970= 20936 |1980= 32359 |1990= 40181 |2000= 42807 |2010= 44552 |estyear=2017 |estimate=48142 |estref=[117] |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census[118] }} The 2010 United States Census[119] reported that Palm Springs had a population of 44,552. The population density was 469.1 people per square mile (181.1/km²). The racial makeup of Palm Springs was 33,720 (75.7%) White (63.6% Non-Hispanic White),[5] 1,982 (4.4%) African American, 467 (1.0%) Native American, 1,971 (4.4%) Asian, 71 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 4,949 (11.1%) from other races, and 1,392 (3.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,286 persons (25.3%). The Census reported that 44,013 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 343 (0.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 196 (0.4%) were institutionalized. There were 22,746 households, out of which 3,337 (14.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,812 (25.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,985 (8.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 868 (3.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,031 (4.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2,307 (10.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,006 households (44.0%) were made up of individuals and 4,295 (18.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93. There were 8,665 families (38.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.82. The population was spread out with 6,125 people (13.7%) under the age of 18, 2,572 people (5.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,625 people (19.4%) aged 25 to 44, 15,419 people (34.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 11,811 people (26.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 129.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.8 males. There were 34,794 housing units at an average density of 366.3 per square mile (141.4/km²), of which 13,349 (58.7%) were owner-occupied, and 9,397 (41.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 6.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 15.5%. 24,948 people (56.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 19,065 people (42.8%) lived in rental housing units. During 2009{{ndash}}2013, Palm Springs had a median household income of $45,198, with 18.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[5] 2000As of the census[120] of 2000, there were 42,807 people, 20,516 households, and 9,457 families residing in the city. The population density was 454.2 people per square mile (175.4/km2). There were 30,823 housing units at an average density of 327.0 per square mile (126.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.3% White, 3.9% African American, 0.9% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.8% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.7% of the population. There were 20,516 out of which 16.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.9% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.1 and the average family size was 2.9. In the city, the population was spread out with 17.0% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,973 and the median income for a family was $45,318. Males had a median income of $33,999 versus $27,461 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,957. About 11.2% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.2% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. Same-sex couplesPalm Springs has one of the highest concentrations of same-sex couples of any community in the United States.[167][121] In the city, 7.2% of households belong to a same-sex couple compared to the national average of 1%. Palm Springs has the fifth-highest percentage of same-sex households in the nation.[122]{{rp|27}} Former mayor Ron Oden estimated that about a third of Palm Springs is gay.[123] Over various times, the city has catered to LGBT tourists with an increasing amount of clothing-optional resorts and events.[124][125] Palm Springs is host to the Greater Palm Springs Pride Celebration. This celebration, held every year in November, includes events such as the Palm Springs Pride Golf Classic, the Stonewall Equality Concert, and a Broadway in Drag Pageant. The city also held same-sex wedding ceremonies at the iconic 'Forever Marilyn' statue located downtown, before its relocation in 2014. In January 2018, Palm Springs ushered in America's first all-LGBTQ city government. [126] EconomyThough celebrities still retreat to Palm Springs, many today establish residences in other areas of the Coachella Valley. The city's economy now relies on tourism, and local government is largely supported by related retail sales taxes and the TOT (transient occupancy tax). It is a city of numerous festivals, conventions, and international events including the Palm Springs International Film Festival. The world's largest rotating aerial tramcars[127] (cable cars) can be found at the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway. These cars, built by Von Roll Tramways,[127] ascend from Chino Canyon two-and-a-half miles up a steep incline to the station at {{convert|8,516|ft|m}}. The San Jacinto Wilderness is accessible from the top of the tram and there is a restaurant with notable views. The Palm Springs Convention Center underwent a multimillion-dollar expansion and renovation under Mayor Will Kleindienst. The City Council Sub-Committee of Mayor Kleindienst and City Council Member Chris Mills selected Fentress Bradburn Architects[128] from Denver, Colorado for the redesign. Numerous hotels, restaurants and attractions cater to tourists, while shoppers can find a variety of high-end boutiques in downtown and uptown Palm Springs. The city is home to 20 clothing-optional resorts including many catering to gay men.[129] Notable businesses
Arts and cultureAnnual cultural events
The Palm Springs Black History Committee celebrates Black History Month with a parade and town fair every February.[134]
The following three parades, held on Palm Canyon Drive, were created by former Mayor Will Kleindienst:
Ongoing cultural eventsFor many years, The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies was a stage-show at the historic Plaza Theatre featuring performers over the age of 55. The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies is a 1997 Mel Damski short documentary film about the Follies. The Palm Springs Follies closed for good after the 2013-14 season.[146] Starting in 2004, the city worked with downtown businesses to develop the weekly Palm Springs VillageFest. The downtown street fair has been a regular Thursday evening event, drawing tourists and locals alike to Palm Canyon Drive to stroll amid the food and craft vendors.[147] Events related to films and film-craft are sponsored by the Desert Film Society.[148] Public artThe city council has established a 7-member commission to promote art in the city.[149] The commission has sponsored several notable public art projects in the city, including:[150]
Museums and other points of interest
Numerous galleries and studios are located in the city and region.[164] The California Art Club has a chapter in Palm Springs.[165] The Desert Art Center of Coachella Valley was established in Palm Springs in 1950.[166]
Sports{{Refimprove section|date=February 2012}}BaseballPalm Springs is home to the Palm Springs POWER, a semi-pro collegiate league baseball team composed of college all-stars of the Southern California Collegiate Baseball Association. [169] It has a winter league baseball team, the POWER winter team and Palm Springs Chill of the California Winter League (2010) consists of 12 other teams as of 2016. The League plays its games in Palm Springs Stadium and also on the baseball field in nearby Palm Springs High School. Both sites feature 6 teams of the Palm Springs Collegiate League in the summer.[170] The Palm Springs stadium was once the spring training site of the Major League Baseball California Angels (now the Los Angeles Angels) of the American League from 1961 to 1993. [171] The stadium also hosted spring training of the Chicago White Sox [172] in the late 1940s-1950s, the Oakland A's in the 1970s, and the 1950s minor league Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League also trained there. TennisThe Palm Springs area features a number of sporting events including the BNP Paribas Open, one of the most significant tennis events in the world, after the four Grand Slam tournaments. The Easter Bowl, sponsored by the United States Tennis Association[173] for Juniors has been held in the Palm Springs area in 2008, 2009, and 2010.[174] GolfWith more golf courses than any other region in California, Coachella Valley is the most popular golf vacation destination in California. Early golf courses in Palm Springs were the O'Donnell Golf Club (built by oil magnate Thomas A. O'Donnell)[175] and the El Mirador Hotel course, both of which opened in the 1920s.[23]{{rp|120}} After the Cochran-Odlum (Indio) and Shadow Mountain pitch and putt courses were built after World II, the first 18-hole golf course in the area was the Thunderbird Country Club, established 1951 in Rancho Mirage.[176][177] Thunderbird was designed by golf course architects Lawrence Hughes and Johnny Dawson[178] and in 1955 it hosted the 11th Ryder Cup championship. In the 1970s the area had over 40 courses and in 2001 the 100th course was opened.[23]{{rp|121}} The area is also home to the PGA Tour's Humana Challenge in partnership with the Clinton Foundation (formerly the Bob Hope Chrysler Classic), the LPGA's ANA Inspiration and the Canadian Tour's Desert Dunes Classic.[179] SoccerThe Palm Springs AYSO Region 80 plays in Section 1H of the American Youth Soccer Organization.[180][181] American footballThe Desert Fire Cats women's football team plays in Palm Springs. They were scheduled to play in the Independent Women's Football League in 2011, but the team's season was cancelled and they moved to play as an affiliate team in the Women's Spring Football League. Parks and recreationCity parks{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} Recreation
In 1931 the Desert Riders was established.[189] Starting off as a social organization for the cream of Palm Springs society, the group sponsors horseback riding and trail building for equestrians, hikers, and bicyclists.[190] The Desert Riders were also significant in providing combination chuckwagon meals and rides through nearby canyons to hotel guests as Palm Springs developed its tourist industry.[191] GovernmentCity{{See also|List of Mayors of Palm Springs, California}}Business owners in the village first established a Palm Springs Board of Trade in 1918, followed by a chamber of commerce; the City itself was established by election in 1938[192][193] and converted to a charter city, with a charter adopted by the voters in 1994.[194] Presently the city has a council-manager type government, with a five-person city council that hires a city manager and city attorney. The mayor is directly elected and serves a four-year term. The other four council members also serve four-year terms, with staggered elections. The city is considered a full-service city, in that it staffs and manages its own police and fire departments including parks and recreation programs, public library,[195] sewer system and wastewater treatment plant, international airport, and planning and building services. The city government is a member of the Southern California Association of Governments.[196] The current mayor is Robert Moon, elected in 2015. Mr. Moon is the City's third openly gay mayor in the city's history. Palm Springs' longest-tenured mayor was Frank Bogert (1958–66 and 1982–88), but the best-known mayor in the city's history was Sonny Bono. Bono served from 1988 to 1992 and was eventually elected to the U.S. Congress. CountyPalm Springs is in Supervisorial District 4 of Riverside County.[197] StateIn the California State Legislature, Palm Springs is in {{Representative|casd|28|fmt=sdistrict}}, and in {{Representative|caad|42|fmt=adistrict}}.[198] FederalIn the United States House of Representatives, Palm Springs is in {{Representative|cacd|36|fmt=district}}.[199] EducationPublic schoolsPublic education in Palm Springs is under the jurisdiction of the Palm Springs Unified School District, an independent district with five board members.[200] The Palm Springs High School[201] is the oldest school in the district, built in 1938. Originally it was a K–12 school in the 1920s and had the College of the Desert campus from 1958 to 1964. And Raymond Cree Middle School in its current site since the mid 1960s. Elementary schools in Palm Springs include:[202]
Private schoolsPrivate schools in Palm Springs and nearby communities include Desert Chapel Christian School (K-12), Desert Adventist Academy (K–8), Sacred Heart School (PS-8), St. Theresa (PreK–8), King's School – formerly known as Palm Valley School (K–8), Desert Christian (K–12), Marywood-Palm Valley School, and The Academy. In 2006 the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino built the Xavier College Preparatory High School[206] in Palm Desert. Post-secondary educationThe Desert Community College District, headquartered with its main campus, College of the Desert, is located in Palm Desert. California State University, San Bernardino and University of California, Riverside used to have satellite campuses available within the College of the Desert campus, but now have their own buildings in Palm Desert. Private post-secondary education institutions include Brandman University (branch in Palm Desert),[207] California Desert Trial Academy College of Law (in Indio),[208] Kaplan College (Palm Springs),[209] University of Phoenix (Palm Desert),[210] Mayfield College (Cathedral City),[211] and California Nurses Educational Institute (Palm Springs).[212] MediaRadio and television{{Further information|List of television stations in California#LPTV stations}}Palm Springs is the 144th largest TV market as defined by AC Nielsen. The Palm Springs DMA is unique among TV markets as it is entirely located within only a small portion of Riverside County. Also, while most areas received their first local television stations during the 1950s, Palm Springs did not receive its first TV stations until October 1968 when stations KPLM-TV (now KESQ) and KMIR-TV debuted. Prior to that time, Palm Springs was served by TV stations from the Los Angeles market, which were carried on the local cable system that began operations in the 1950s and which predated the emergence of local broadcast stations by more than a decade. TV stations serving the Palm Springs and Coachella Valley area include:
The CW, Fox, MyNetworkTV, PBS and other networks are covered by low power TV stations in the market. Additionally, Palm Springs and the surrounding area are served by AM and FM radio stations including the following: {{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
}} Newspapers and magazines
InfrastructureLibrariesThe city's library was started in 1924 and financed by Martha Hitchcock. It expanded in 1940 on land donated to the newly incorporated city by Dr. Welwood Murray and was financed through the efforts of Thomas O'Donnell.[220] The present site now operates as a branch library, research library for the Palm Springs Historical Society, and tourism office for the Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism.[221] TransportationOne of the first transportation routes for Palm Springs was on the Bradshaw Trail, an historic overland stage coach route from San Bernardino to La Paz, Arizona. The Bradshaw Trail operated from 1862 to 1877. In the 1870s the Southern Pacific Railroad expanded its lines into the Coachella Valley.[222] Modern transportation services include:
Highways include: {{jct|state=CA|SR|111}} – California State Route 111, which intersects the city. {{jct|state=CA|I|10}} – Interstate 10 runs north of the city. {{jct|state=CA|SR|74}} – The Pines to Palms Scenic Byway (California State Route 74) runs from the coast, over the San Jacinto Mountains to nearby Palm Desert. {{jct|state=CA|SR|62}} – California State Route 62 (a Blue Star Memorial Highway) intersects I-10 north-west of the city and runs north to San Bernardino County and the Colorado River. CemeteriesIn 1890, the Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery[226] was established on Tahquitz Way with the burial of Jane Augustine Patencio.[59] It is maintained by the Agua Caliente Tribe. The Welwood Murray Cemetery[227] was started by hotel operator Welwood Murray in 1894 when his son died.[23]{{rp|46}}[228] It is maintained by the Palm Springs Cemetery District,[229] which also maintains the Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City. Also in Cathedral City is the Forest Lawn Cemetery, maintained by Forest Lawn Memorial-Parks & Mortuaries. Notable people{{Main article|List of people from Palm Springs, California}}Over 300 Palm Springs residents have been recognized on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Modern architecture{{Main article|Mid-Century modern#Mid-century modern in Palm Springs}}Besides its tradition of mid-century modern architecture, Palm Springs and the region features numerous noted architects. Other (non-Mid-Century Modern) include[230] Edward H. Fickett, Haralamb H. Georgescu, Howard Lapham, and Karim Rashid.[231] Palm Springs in popular culture{{Main article|Palm Springs in popular culture}}{{See also|List of films and TV series set in Palm Springs, California|List of films shot in Palm Springs, California}}The Palm Springs area has been a filming location, topical setting, and storyline subject for many films, television shows, and literature. WildlifeThe fauna of Palm Springs is mostly species adapted to desert, temperature extremes and to lack of moisture. It is located within the Nearctic faunistic realm in a region containing an assemblage of species similar to Northern Africa.[232] Native fauna includes Pronghorns, Desert Bighorn Sheep, Desert Tortoise, Kit Fox, Desert Iguanas, Horned Lizards, Chuckwalla, Bobcats, Mountain lions and Gila Monsters. Other animals include ground squirrels, rock squirrels, porcupines, skunks, cactus mice, kangaroo rats, pocket gophers and raccoons. Desert birds here include the iconic Roadrunner, which can run at speeds exceeding 15 mp/h. Other avifauna includes the Ladder-backed woodpecker, flycatchers, elf owls, great horned owls, sparrow hawks and a variety of raptors.[233] The Sonoran Desert has more species of rattlesnakes (11) than anywhere else in the world.[234] The most common species is the extremely venomous Mojave rattler, which is considered the world's most dangerous rattlesnake. The largest rattle snake species here is the Western diamondback rattlesnake, while other species include the Black-tailed rattlesnake, Tiger rattler and Sidewinder rattler.[235] Palm Springs is home to Tarantulas and various Scorpion species, including the Vinegaroon.[236] Although Black bears are not common in the Coachella Valley, bears have been observed in Palm Springs and other parts of California.[237] Today, Jaguars roam the northern Mexican dry-lands, however, they were previously common throughout the Coachella Valley. The last documented Jaguar sighting in Palm Springs, was in 1860.[238]|| See also{{Portal|Inland Empire}}
References1. ^1 {{Cite GNIS|1652768|Palm Springs|accessdate=November 11, 2014}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |title=California Cities by Incorporation Date |format=Word |publisher=California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions |accessdate=August 25, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |archivedate=November 3, 2014 |df=}} 3. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmspringsca.gov/home/showdocument?id=43422 |title=Robert Moon |publisher=City of Palm Springs |accessdate=May 6, 2017 |format=PDF }} 4. ^{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jun 28, 2017}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0655254.html|title=Palm Springs (city) QuickFacts|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=February 11, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ACZcGJKT?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0655254.html|archivedate=August 26, 2012|df=mdy-all}} 6. ^1 Wilkerson, Lyn (2009). Slow Travels – California. Lulu Press, Inc. p. 96. {{ISBN|978-0557088072}}. 7. ^1 Wares, Donna (2008). Great Escapes: Southern California. The Countryman Press. p. 99. {{ISBN|978-0881507799}}. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.palm-springs.ca.us/index.aspx?page=80|title=Parks & Recreation|website=City of Palm Springs|accessdate=August 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816101029/http://www.ci.palm-springs.ca.us/index.aspx?page=80|archive-date=August 16, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/california-forum/article197965519.html|title=Canadians love the California desert. Why not let them have it, eh?|author=Mathews, Joe|publisher=Sacramento Bee|date=February 1, 2018|accessdate=September 8, 2018|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee}} 10. ^1 Baker, Christopher P. (2008). Explorer's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts: A Great Destination. The Countryman Press. p. 30. {{ISBN|978-1581570489}}. 11. ^1 2 Vechten, Ken Van (2010). Insider’s Guide to Palm Springs. Roman & Littlefield. p. 17. {{ISBN|978-0762761579}}. 12. ^Smolinski, Dick and Craig A. Doherty (1994). The Cahuilla. Rourke Publications. p. 4. {{ISBN|978-0866255271}}. 13. ^Palmer, Roger C. (2012). Palm Springs. Arcadia Publishing. p. ix. {{ISBN|978-0738589138}}. 14. ^Gray-Kanatiiosh, Barbara A. (2010). Cahuilla. ABDO Publishing Company. p. 4. {{ISBN|978-1617849077}}. 15. ^Niemann, Greg (2006). Palm Springs Legends: Creation of a Desert Oasis. Sunbelt Publications, Inc. p. 15. {{ISBN|978-0932653741}}. 16. ^Bean, Lowell L. (1974). Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. University of California Press. p. 71. {{ISBN|978-0520026278}}. 17. ^Baker, Christopher P. (2008). Explorer's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts: A Great Destination. The Countryman Press. p. 31. {{ISBN|978-1581570489}}. 18. ^Whitley, David S. (1996). A Guide to Rock Art Sites: Southern California and Southern Nevada. Mountain Press Publishing. pp. 94–96. {{ISBN|978-0878423323}}. 19. ^Baker, Christopher P. (2008). Explorer's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts: A Great Destination. The Countryman Press. p. 216. {{ISBN|978-1581570489}}. 20. ^Niemann, Greg (2006). Palm Springs Legends: Creation of a Desert Oasis. Sunbelt Publications, Inc. p. 259. {{ISBN|978-0932653741}}. 21. ^Eargle, Dolan H. (2008). Native California: An Introductory Guide to the Original Peoples From Earliest to Modern Times. Trees Company Press. p. 278. {{ISBN|978-0937401118}}. 22. ^https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf 23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{Cite book| last = Niemann| first = Greg| title = Palm Springs Legends: creation of a desert oasis| publisher = Sunbelt Publications| year = 2006| location = San Diego, CA| page = 286| isbn = 978-0932653741|oclc=61211290}} (here for Table of Contents) 24. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Lech|first=Steve|title=Along the Old Roads: A History of the Portion of Southern California that became Riverside County: 1772–1893|year=2004|location=Riverside, CA |publisher=Steve Lech|page=902 |oclc=56035822}} 25. ^{{cite journal|last=Gittens|first=Roberta|title=A Palm-filled Oasis: Palm Springs and the Desert Communities of the Coachella Valley|journal=Art of California|date=November 1992|volume=5|issue=5|page=45|issn=1045-8913|oclc=19009782}} 26. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmsprings-ca.gov/index.aspx?page=115 |title=City of Palm Springs: History |access-date=August 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220012451/http://www.palmsprings-ca.gov/index.aspx?page=115 |archive-date=December 20, 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 27. ^{{cite book|last=Bright|first=William|authorlink=William Bright|title=Fifteen Hundred California Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC&pg=PA111|accessdate= April 5, 2013|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520212718|page=111}} 28. ^{{cite book |last=Gudde |first=Erwin Gustav |title=California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names |year=1998 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |isbn=978-0520242173 |edition=4th |author2=Bright, William |page=277 |quote='The fine large trees which mark the course of the run have furnished the name ...' (Whipple 1849:7–8). The place is shown as Big Palm Springs on the von Leicht-Craven map of 1874. |lccn=97043168 }} 29. ^1 {{cite book| last1 = Wild| first1 = Peter|authorlink=Peter Wild| title = Tipping the Dream: A Brief History of Palm Springs| location =Johannesburg, CA| publisher =The Shady Myrick Research Project| year= 2007| page = 228| oclc = 152590848 }} 30. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last=Colacello |first=Bob |authorlink=Bob Colacello |others=Becker, Jonathan (photographs) |title=Palm Springs Weekends |journal=Vanity Fair |date=June 1999 |pages=192–211 |url=http://psmodcom.org/wp-content/themes/modcom/PDF/VANITY%20FAIR-JUNE%201999.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211170837/http://psmodcom.org/wp-content/themes/modcom/PDF/VANITY%20FAIR-JUNE%201999.pdf |archivedate=December 11, 2013 |df=mdy-all }} 31. ^{{cite book |title=Views in Palm Valley...: The earliest fruit region in the state...now on sale by Biggs, Fergusson & Co. |year=c. 1888 |location=San Francisco |author=Palm Valley Land Co. |oclc=82950785 }} 32. ^Two early, but fictional, visitors were six-year-old Mary and her cousin Jack. See: {{cite book |last=Foster |first=Ethel T. |title=Little Tales of the Desert |year=1913 |publisher=Kingsley, Mason and Collins Co. |location=Los Angeles, CA |page=23 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/littletalesofthe30686gut/30686.txt |others=Villa, Hernando G. (illustrations) |chapter=A Visit to Palm Springs |quote=Just beyond [the Indian village] was Palm Springs settlement itself, with lots of tents, several houses, a store and [Dr. Murray's Hotel]....They visited the funny little cottages with their roofs and sides all covered with big palm leaves instead of boards. Then they went up to the hot springs. |isbn= 978-1176787933 |lccn= 13025440 |oclc= 3726918 }} 33. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Renee|title=Palm Springs History: Pioneers survived summer|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/life/2014/07/24/palm-springs-history-pioneers/13136393/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett|date=July 24, 2014|location=Palm Springs, CA}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 34. ^{{cite book| last1 = James| first1 =George Wharton| authorlink = George Wharton James| first2 = Carl (illustrator)| last2 =Eytel| title = The Wonders of the Colorado Desert (Southern California)| location = Boston| publisher = Little, Brown and Company| year= 1906| page =547| isbn = 978-1103733613| oclc =2573290| lccn= 06043916 }} (Available as a pdf file through the HathiTrust Digital Library.)* Wonders is illustrated with over 300 drawings by desert artist Carl Eytel. Many of those drawings, including the Title Page figure, are used throughout Steve Lech's extensive history of early Riverside County. See: Along the Old Roads (cited above). 35. ^Reviews of Wonders included* {{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Cyrus C. |title=Wonders of the Far West: George Wharton James's New Book on the Colorado Desert |journal=The New York Times Saturday Review of Books |date=March 2, 1907 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/03/02/104980987.pdf |accessdate=August 30, 2012 |quote=}}* {{cite journal |title=A Guide to the New Books |journal=The Literary Digest |date=February 16, 1907 |volume=XXXIV |issue=7 |url=http://www.unz.org/Pub/LiteraryDigest-1907feb16-00264a02 |pages=263–64 |quote=This elaborate treatise is a distinct contribution to the literature of the natural wonders of our country.}}* {{cite journal|last=Gilmour|first=John Hamilton |title=The Wonders of the Colorado Desert, California |journal=San Francisco Call |date=February 3, 1907 |volume=101 |issue=65 |page=Magazine, 3 |quote=He has written admirably and knowingly ... and this ... is in line with his previous works.}} 36. ^{{cite book |last=Starr |first=Kevin |title=The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0195100792 |page=512 |authorlink=Kevin Starr |chapter=1. Good Times on the Coast: Affluence and the Anti-Depression}} 37. ^{{cite book|title=The Desert Inn: Where Desert and Mountains Meet, Palm Springs, California|year=1923|publisher=Times-Mirror Print & Binding House|location=Los Angeles, CA|page=24|author=Desert Inn |oclc=82839637}} 38. ^{{cite journal|title=Historic Sites: Desert Inn|journal=Palm Springs Life|url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Travel/Palm-Spring-Historical-Sites-Building-and-Land-Markers/index.php/name/Desert-Inn/listing/22992/|quote=County of Riverside Historical Marker No. 044; 123 North Palm Canyon (image of marker with 1908 date)|access-date=October 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821134247/http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Travel/Palm-Spring-Historical-Sites-Building-and-Land-Markers/index.php/name/Desert-Inn/listing/22992/|archive-date=August 21, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 39. ^{{cite book|last=Bright|first=Marjorie Belle|title=Nellie's Boardinghouse: a dual biography of Nellie Coffman and Palm Springs|publisher=ETC Pub.|location=Palm Springs, CA|year=1981|page=247}} 40. ^{{cite book|last=Janss|first=Betty|title=Palm Springs California: presented with the compliments of the Desert Inn|year=1933|publisher=Desert Inn|location=Palm Springs, CA|page=34|author2=Frashers Inc | oclc= 427216166 }} 41. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Renee|title=Nellie Coffman's hospitality helped Palm Springs grow|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2015/03/28/palm-springs-nellie-coffman-history/70563318/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett|date=March 28, 2015}} 42. ^{{cite book| last1 = Chase| first1 =J. Smeaton| authorlink = J. Smeaton Chase| title = Our Araby: Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun| location =Pasadena, CA| publisher = Star-News Publishing Co. |orig-year=1920 |date=1987 | page = 83| isbn =978-0961872403| lccn= 24010428| oclc = 6169840}} 43. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Bowhart|first=W. H.|author2=Hector, Julie|author3=McManus, Sally Mall|author4=Coffman Kieley, Elizabeth|title=The McCallum Centennial – Palm Springs' founding family|journal=Palm Springs Life|date=April 1984|url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/April-1984/The-McCallum-Centennial-Palm-Springs-039-founding-family/|accessdate=February 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814110833/http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/April-1984/The-McCallum-Centennial-Palm-Springs-039-founding-family/|archive-date=August 14, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}; and, {{cite book| last1 = Ainsworth| first1 = Katherine| title = The McCallum Saga: The Story of the Founding of Palm Springs| location = Palm Springs, CA| publisher = Palm Springs Public Library |date=1996 |orig-year=1973 | page = 245| lccn = 96052785| isbn = 978-0961872410| oclc =799840 }} 44. ^During World War II, the hotel was taken over and operated as a United States Army General Hospital, named in honor of Surgeon General George H. Torney. 45. ^{{cite book |last=Wild |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Wild| title=Heiress of Doom: Lois Kellogg of Palm Springs |year=2011 |publisher=Estate of Peter Wild| location=Tucson, AZ |page=449 |oclc=748583736 }} 46. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Roger C. |title=Palm Springs (Then & Now) |year=2011 |publisher=Arcadia |location=Charleston, SC | isbn=978-0738589138 |page=95 |lccn=2011932500 |oclc=785786600}} 47. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Renee|title=Movie stars began flocking to Palm Springs in the 1930s|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2016/05/21/hollywood-movie-stars-palm-springs-tourism/84569654/|work=The Desert Sun|agency=Gannett|date=May 21, 2016|location=Palm Springs, CA}} 48. ^{{cite book |last=Rippingale |first=Sally Presley |title=The History of the Racquet Club of Palm Springs |publisher=US Business Specialties |location=Yucaipa, CA |year=1984 |page=146 |lccn=85226534 |oclc=13526611}}. Also see: Turner, Mary L. and Turner, Cal A. (photography) (2006). The Beautiful People of Palm Springs. Sedona, AZ: Gene Weed. pp. 154. {{ISBN|978-1-4116-3488-6}} {{OCLC|704086361}}. The Racquet Club would cater to the Hollywood elite for decades. 49. ^1 {{cite book |last=Carr |first=Jim |title=Palms Springs and the Coachella Valley |publisher=American Geographic Publishing |location=Helena, MT |year=1989 |page=112 |isbn=978-0938314684 |lccn=91166185 |oclc= 25026437}} 50. ^{{cite journal|last=Kleinschmidt|first=Janet|title=Remembering The Chi Chi: 'A hip little place to come for wealthy people.'|journal=Palm Springs Life|date=September 2005|url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/February-2005/Remembering-The-Chi-Chi/}}; and, {{cite journal|last=Johns|first=Howard|title=In the Swing: Dinner clubs and lounges echo the days (and nights) of Palm Springs' famed Chi Chi club|journal=Palm Springs Life|date=September 2007|url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/September-2007/In-the-Swing/}} 51. ^{{cite book|last1=Meeks|first1=Eric G.|title=The Best Guide Ever to Palm Springs Celebrity Homes|date=2012|publisher=Horatio Limburger Oglethorpe|isbn=978-1479328598|pages=206–07}} 52. ^{{cite news|last1=Fessier|first1=Bruce|title=Mob looks to win big with casinos in valley |url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/2014/12/01/gambling-gangsters-in-paradise/70048354/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett}} 53. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Renee|title=Gambling in desert was 'economic driver' in 1930s|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2016/04/09/gambling-palm-springs-cathedral-city-dunes-club-al-wertheimer/82750146/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett|date=April 9, 2016|location=Palm Springs, CA}} 54. ^{{cite web|last=Howser|first=Huell|title=Palm Springs Plaza Update – Palm Springs Week (35)|url=http://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2010/09/07/palm-springs-plaza-update-35-palms-springs-week/|work=California's Gold|publisher=Chapman University Huell Howser Archive|authorlink=Huell Howser|author2=Bogert, Frank|author3=McManus, Sally|author4=Pitts, Larry|date=September 27, 2010|access-date=May 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518201303/http://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2010/09/07/palm-springs-plaza-update-35-palms-springs-week/|archive-date=May 18, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 55. ^Except where noted, most data is from: {{cite book|last=Lech|first=Steve|title=Resorts of Riverside County|year=2005|publisher=Arcadia|location=Charleston, SC|isbn=978-0738530789|page=128 |oclc=62790503|chapter=Six: Palm Springs, Desert Hot Springs, Indio, and La Quinta}} 56. ^Coachella Valley History Museum: Exhibits 57. ^1 {{cite book|last=Nordland |first=Ole J. |title=Coachella Valley's Golden Years: History of the Coachella Valley County Water District |orig-year=1968 |year=1978 |publisher=Coachella Valley Water District |url=http://www.cvwd.org/news/publication_docs/coachella_valleys_golden_years.pdf |location=Coachella, CA |page=120 |oclc=4511277 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201065734/http://www.cvwd.org/news/publication_docs/coachella_valleys_golden_years.pdf |archivedate=February 1, 2015 |df= }} 58. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Desert Memories: Historic Images of the Coachella Valley|year=2002|publisher=The Desert Sun|location=Palm Springs, CA|isbn=978-1932129014|page=128|oclc=50674171}} 59. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Nancy|title=Palm Springs History Handbook|year=1992|publisher=Palm Springs Public Library|location=Palm Springs, CA|page=41|oclc=31595834}} 60. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Moya|title=Images of America: Palm Springs|year=2009|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|location=Charleston, SC|isbn=978-0738559827|page=127|author2=Palm Springs Historical Society |lccn=2008931760 |oclc= 268792707}} 61. ^{{cite web|title=Ingleside Inn Purchased|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2016/12/15/melvyns-ingleside-inn-purchased-7-25-million-buyers-carry-mel-habers-legacy/95374662/}} 62. ^{{cite web|title=Desert Hot Springs|url=http://www.dhshistoricalsociety.com/images/dhs_1952_brochure.pdf|publisher=Desert Hot Springs Historical Society|accessdate=September 24, 2012 |year=1952 |type=Brochure}} 63. ^{{cite web|last=Abbott|first=Maggie|title=Jerry Skuse|url=http://www.dhshistoricalsociety.com/jerry_skuse.htm|publisher=Desert Hot Springs Historical Society|accessdate=September 24, 2012}} 64. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Travel/Palm-Spring-Historical-Sites-Building-and-Land-Markers/index.php/name/Oasis-Hotel/listing/22973/ |title=Palm Springs Life: Palm Spring Historical Sites – Building and Land Markers – Oasis Hotel |access-date=September 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116214306/http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Travel/Palm-Spring-Historical-Sites-Building-and-Land-Markers/index.php/name/Oasis-Hotel/listing/22973/ |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 65. ^{{cite book|title=Palm Springs, California|year=1929|publisher=The Hotels|location=Palm Springs, CA|page=34|quote=WorldCat note: sponsored and distributed by the four leading hotels of Palm Springs: the Desert Inn, El Mirador, the Oasis, Deep Well Guest Ranch }}; {{OCLC|29907656|228699240}} 66. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Renee|title=History: Torney general hospital's contribution in WWII|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2015/09/26/history-torney-general-hospitals-contribution-wwii/72747140/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett|date=September 25, 2015|location=Palm Springs, CA}} 67. ^The 1918 flu pandemic produced an influx of patients. {{cite news|last=Pyle|first=Ernie|title=Palatial Palm Springs Monument To the Faith and Work of One Woman|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KwdPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ak0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=4682%2C3997428|accessdate=September 30, 2012|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=March 27, 1942|authorlink=Ernie Pyle|page=6|quote=In 1917 the new crop of war millionaires looked afield for vacation places, and came to Palm Springs....But the flu epidemic filled the place up.}} 68. ^{{cite news|last1=Wenzell|first1=Nicolette|title=Palm Springs History: Shirley Temple tap-danced into our hearts|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/life/2014/02/20/palm-springs-history-shirley-temple-tap-danced-into-our-hearts/5661687/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett|date=February 20, 2014}} 69. ^{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Elmer Wallace |author2=Bird, Jessica|title=History of Riverside County, California |year=1912 |publisher=Historic Record Company |location=Los Angeles, CA |page=783 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=wm8UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA174&dq=Riverside+County#v=onepage&q=Riverside%20County&f=false |chapter=XX: San Gorgonio Pass |oclc=7951260 }} 70. ^{{gnis|1988673|Palm Springs Army Air Field (historical)}} 71. ^{{cite news|title=Palm Springs Visitors Set Fashion Pace: Desert Resort Hotels And Clubs Are Crowded To Capacity|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OfUaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YEwEAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=4225%2C863767|accessdate=September 30, 2012|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=March 26, 1941|page=28}} 72. ^{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Erskine|title=Palm Springs An Odd Place|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q1wbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=X00EAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=2235%2C1187622|accessdate=September 30, 2012|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=December 18, 1949}} 73. ^{{cite web|title=Torney General Hospital|url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/TorneyGeneralHosp.html|work=Historic California Posts|publisher=The California State Military Museum}} 74. ^Wills, Eric (May/June 2008). "Palm Springs Eternal", Preservation, Vol. 60, Issue 3, pp. 38–45 75. ^{{cite journal |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |title=The Modernist Manifesto | journal= Preservation|date=May–June 2008 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=30–35 }} 76. ^1 {{cite book | last=Culver |first=Lawrence |title=The Frontier of Leisure: Southern California and the Shaping of Modern America |year=2010 |page=317 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |chapter=Chapter 5: The Oasis of Leisure – Palm Springs before 1941; and Chapter 6: Making of Desert Modern – Palm Springs after World War II |isbn=978-0195382631 |lccn=2009053932}} {{oclc|620294456|464581464}} 77. ^{{cite journal| last=Kray |first=Ryan M. |title=The Path to Paradise: Expropriation, Exodus and Exclusion in the Making of Palm Springs |journal=Pacific Historical Review |date=February 2004 | volume=73|issue=1 | pages=85–126| jstor=10.1525/phr.2004.73.1.85|issn=0030-8684| doi=10.1525/phr.2004.73.1.85}} {{oclc|4635437946 |361566392}} {{Subscription}} 78. ^{{cite book|last=Kray|first=Ryan M.|title=Second-class Citizenship at a First-class Resort: Race and Public Policy in Palm Springs|year=2009|publisher=University of California (Ph.D. thesis) |location=Irvine, CA|page=407|isbn=978-1109197983|oclc=518520550}} 79. ^{{cite journal |title=Palm Springs: Green and Grows the Desert |journal=Fortune |date=February 1961 |pages=122–27 |url=https://psmodcom.org/wp-content/themes/modcom/PDF/FORTUNE-FEBRUARY%201961.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629095218/https://psmodcom.org/wp-content/themes/modcom/PDF/FORTUNE-FEBRUARY%201961.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2017-06-29 |quote=Before President Eisenhower went to Palm Springs...in 1954, [it] was only a regional resort. Overnight it became a winter resort with national drawing power.}} 80. ^A book of Doisneau's photographs was published in 2010. {{cite book |last1=Doisneau |first1=Robert |last2=Dubois |first2=Jean-Paul (Forward) |title=Palm Springs 1960 |year=2010 |publisher=Flammarion |location=Paris |isbn=978-2080301291 |url=http://editions.flammarion.com/Albums_Detail.cfm?ID=37505&levelCode=home |page=9 |authorlink1=Robert Doisneau |authorlink2=Jean-Paul Dubois |lccn=2010442384 |oclc= 491896174}} 81. ^See* {{cite news|title=Palm Springs Is Really An Incredible Place|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GJ5RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PmwDAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=7037%2C2705437|accessdate=October 2, 2012|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=March 12, 1961|author=Amory, Cleveland|authorlink=Cleveland Amory|quote=It is Hollywood without the wood. Beverly Hills without the hills and Los Angeles without the – well, freeways.}}* {{cite news|title=Palm Springs Now Top Desert Resort|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dZZlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vIoNAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=3356%2C1094327|accessdate=October 2, 2012|newspaper=The Sun|location=Vancouver, Canada|date=January 5, 1968|quote=One finds 21 golf courses sprinkled across the golden sands of the desert. More than 3,650 swimming pools dot the landscape.}}* {{cite news|title=Palm Springs: Outdoors Paradise|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kkBQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xVcDAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=7263%2C2624575|accessdate=October 2, 2012|newspaper=St. Petersburg Independent|date=January 11, 1972|location=St. Petersburg, FL|page=4-D|quote=Moonlight steak [horseback] rides, breakfast rides and group rides are a way of life in the...desert resort.}}* {{cite news|last=Fix|first=Jack V.|title=Palm Springs Place Where Rich Retire|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WRsqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=61cEAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=3820%2C3350913|accessdate=October 2, 2012|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=June 9, 1977|agency=UPI|page=B-1|quote=This desert town...with 5,000 private swimming pools, 38 golf courses and homes selling for 'only $250,000 down' is probably the most wealthy retirement community in the world. Yet it is an area of 37 mobile home parks and senior citizens, 32 per cent of whom...reported an income of less than $4,000 a year.}}* {{cite news|last=Eichenbaum|first=Marlene|title=Palm Springs: It's a plush resort for rich and poor alike|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_pEuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TqEFAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=1063%2C3232400|accessdate=October 2, 2012|newspaper=The Gazette|date=June 9, 1979|location=Montreal, Canada|page=T-2|quote=...it has long been a haven for the rich and famous....it [also] offers a wide choice of moderately-priced accommodations....}}* {{cite news|last=von Sorge|first=Helmut|title=Palm Springs – das Goldene Kaff|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13510614.html|language=German |accessdate= October 3, 2012|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date= April 30, 1984}}* {{cite news|last=Braid|first=Don|title=Palm Springs: Where the rich meet to greet|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=X4wxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pqUFAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=1394%2C3124049|accessdate=October 2, 2012|newspaper=The Gazette|date=January 9, 1985|location=Montreal, Canada|page=B-3|quote=The whole place is flamboyant, bold, obscenely rich,....It's so utterly un-Canadian that Canadian [tourists] can't resist it, even when they can't afford it.}}* {{cite news|last=Miller|first=Judith|title=Palm Springs ain't what she used to be|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N5EzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6YMDAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=4159%2C585381|accessdate=October 3, 2012|newspaper=Deseret News|date=December 16, 1990|agency=NY Times News Service|location=Salt Lake City, UT|page=2P|quote=The metropolitan area, which includes nine cities, has 187,000 year-round residents and plays host to 2 million visitors each year. It has 7,645 swimming pools, more than 100 tennis courts and 101 golf courses ....}} 82. ^{{cite news|title=Recession Comes to Posh Palm Springs|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B6MgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mWgFAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=1014%2C644111|accessdate=September 30, 2012|newspaper=Lewiston Evening Journal|date=March 6, 1975|agency=AP|page=7}} 83. ^{{cite news|title=Elite Palm Springs Becomes A Gangsters' Playground|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tUhQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lVgDAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=4687%2C1952565|accessdate=September 30, 2012|newspaper=The Evening Independent|date=May 9, 1978|author=Yates, Ronald|author2=Koziol, Ronald|agency=Chicago Tribune|quote=[Palm Springs] has become Our Town for such Chicago luminaries as Anthony "Big Tuna" Accardo, Joey "The Dove" Aiuppa, James "The Turk" Torello, and Frank "The Horse" Buccieri.}} Also, Vincent Dominic Caci bought a home in Palm Springs. 84. ^See* {{cite news|last=Sahagun|first=Louis|title=Palm Springs takes pains to gloss up its faded star image|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_AQiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=1843%2C510263|accessdate=October 3, 2012|newspaper=The Pittsburgh Press|date=March 16, 1986|agency=The Los Angeles Times|pages=G1, G4|quote=Now, big spenders, tourists and developers are sidestepping this 50-year-old resort community, gravitating instead toward the towns that have blossomed east of here in the Coachella Valley over the last 10 years.}}* {{cite news|title=Palm Springs, Calif.; A $100 Million Resort Hotel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/realestate/national-notebook-palm-springs-calif-a-100-million-resort-hotel.html|accessdate=October 3, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 19, 1989|quote=But while the city of Palm Springs has won national recognition as a resort area, the lower Coachella Valley cities...have benefited most from the new hotels.}} 85. ^For international coverage, see* {{cite web |last=Werb |first=Helmut |title=Palm Springs: Die Wüste lebt! [Living Desert] |url=http://www.stern.de/reise/fernreisen/palm-springs-die-wueste-lebt-560174.html?nv=sb |publisher=stern.de |accessdate=October 3, 2012 |language=German |date=April 27, 2006}}* {{cite web |title=Palm Springs, la princesse du désert [Desert Princess] |url=http://fr.canoe.ca/voyages/decouvrir/destinations/archives/2009/08/20090821-152615.html |publisher=canoë.ca |accessdate=October 3, 2012 |author=QMI Agency |location=Quebec, Canada |language=French |date=August 21, 2009}} 86. ^{{cite news|title=Is party over for Palm Springs?|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0t4zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LzIHAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=6070%2C4928791|accessdate=October 1, 2012|newspaper=Lodi News-Sentinel|date=April 9, 1993|agency=Associated Press|quote=For 40 years, this desert city endured an Easter week invasion of student revelers...}} 87. ^Gianoulis, Tina (2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130522143145/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3409002320.html "Spring Break."] St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Gale. Retrieved January 7, 2013 from HighBeam Research 88. ^{{cite news|title=Palm Springs Lowers Lid On Disorderly Students: Jails Crammed in Crackdown: Spring Vacations Marked By Violence|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yiZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qgEEAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=7375%2C5477048|accessdate=September 30, 2012|newspaper=The Blade|date=April 3, 1969|agency=AP|location=Toledo, OH|page=6}} 89. ^{{cite news|title=Palm Springs quiet as youths leave|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nmMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YioEAAAAIBAJ&dq=palm-springs&pg=6433%2C5678015|accessdate=September 30, 2012|newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal|date=March 31, 1986|agency=AP}} 90. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-02-08/news/mn-641_1_spring-break | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Shawn | last=Hubler | title=Palm Springs Votes to Tone Down Easter Break | date=February 8, 1991}} 91. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-03-31/news/mn-2372_1_spring-break | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Shawn | last=Hubler | title=Palm Springs Sees a Kinder and Gentler Spring Break: Crackdown: City officials call the week the most orderly and successful in years. But merchants catering to the young say it was a financial disaster | date=March 31, 1991}} 92. ^{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=Ken|title=A Palm Springs Break|url=http://www.paysonroundup.com/news/2010/dec/16/palm-springs-break/|accessdate=September 29, 2012|newspaper=Payson Roundup|date=December 16, 2010|location=Payson, AZ|quote=There are spas, golf courses, famed hotels and resorts, tennis, swimming, sunning, shopping, museums, restaurants and an extensive list of amenities and attractions.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818102039/http://www.paysonroundup.com/news/2010/dec/16/palm-springs-break/|archive-date=August 18, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 93. ^[https://archive.today/20130127213605/http://www.kmir6.com/news/local/138184269.html Monroe, Angela (January 26, 2012). "The Road Ahead for the Desert Fashion Plaza". KMIR-TV, KMIR6 News] 94. ^1 2 {{cite web| url = http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00046635.normals.txt| title = Monthly Normals for Palm Springs, CA – Temperature and Precipitation| accessdate = 2011-07-24| publisher = NOAA}} 95. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/daily/USCA0828?climoMonth=2| title = Monthly Averages for Palm Springs, CA – Temperature and Precipitation| accessdate = 2010-05-29| publisher = The Weather Channel}} 96. ^1 {{cite web|url = http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sgx|title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|accessdate = 2012-04-17}} 97. ^Hogan, C. Michael; Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.) (2009). California Fan Palm: Washingtonia filifera, GlobalTwitcher.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930184850/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=90942 |date=September 30, 2009 }} 98. ^1 Palm Springs Office of Neighborhood Involvement 99. ^Palm Springs Historic Neighborhoods by The Desert Sun feature writer Judith Salkin 100. ^The Movie Colony: History 101. ^Movie Colony East 102. ^El Rancho Vista Estates: History {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504001945/http://www.elranchovistaestates.org/history.html |date=May 4, 2012 }} 103. ^Warm Sands Neighborhood Organization: Profile 104. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120165626/http://www.psmesa.com/history.html The Mesa Neighborhood: History] 105. ^Palm Springs Preservation Foundation: Then and Now 106. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.trenops.com/htdocs/about.htm |title=Treno: About |access-date=March 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121075319/http://www.trenops.com/htdocs/about.htm |archive-date=November 21, 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 107. ^[https://sites.google.com/site/sunmorps/ Sunmor Neighborhood Organization]; and, Sunmor Estates: Neighborhood History {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313105015/http://www.sunmor-ps.com/about.html |date=March 13, 2012 }} 108. ^Gordon Coutts; the Dar Marrac is now operated as the Mediterranean-style Korakia Pensione 109. ^The Willows: history* Clark Gable and Carole Lombard enjoyed their honeymoon at the Willows. Palmeri, Christopher (September 3, 2000). "Palm Springs: An Oasis of Nostalgia in the Desert". Bloomberg Businessweek. 110. ^{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Rita |title=Umbrella Guide to Grand Old Hotels of Southern and Central California |year= 1996 |publisher=Epicenter Press |location=Kenmore, WA |isbn=978-0945397472 |page=159 |lccn=97116800 }} 111. ^Historic Tennis Club Neighborhood Organization: History {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020080248/http://htcno.org/history/htcn_history.html |date=October 20, 2013 }} 112. ^Las Palmas Neighborhood Organization 113. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204164210/http://www.olpno.com/history.html Old Las Palmas Neighborhood: History] 114. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hart|first1=Lisa Marie|title=The Real Steel|journal=Palm Springs Life|date=September 2015|url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/September-2015/The-Real-Steel/}} 115. ^{{Cite web|title = Deepwell Estates Neighborhood Organization |url = http://www.ourdeepwell.com/|website = www.ourdeepwell.com|access-date = 2016-02-01}} 116. ^{{Cite web|title = Deepwell Estates Neighborhood Organization (DENO) Palm Springs Villager|url = http://www.ourdeepwell.com/index.php/about-deno/your-neighborhood/history/18-history/28-deno-palm-springs-villager|website = www.ourdeepwell.com|access-date = 2016-02-01}} 117. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=August 19, 2018}} 118. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}} 119. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0655254|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Palm Springs city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=July 12, 2014}} 120. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}} 121. ^{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=David|title=A City Comes Out: How Celebrities Made Palm Springs a Gay and Lesbian Paradise|year=2008|publisher=Barricade Books|location=Fort Lee, NJ|isbn=978-1569803493|page=192|lccn=2008022210|url=http://www.barricadebooks.com/index.php/books/single/a_city_comes_out/|oclc=209646547|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617074829/http://www.barricadebooks.com/index.php/books/single/a_city_comes_out|archivedate=June 17, 2013|df=mdy-all}} 122. ^1 {{cite book | last = Gates | first = Gary |author2=Ost, Jason |title = The Gay and Lesbian Atlas | year = 2004 | publisher = The Urban Institute | location=Washington, DC| pages = 241| isbn = 978-0877667216}} (data summarized at Urban Institute Factsheet 123. ^The Body: African-American HIV/AIDS Resource Center: Interview with Ron Oden 124. ^{{Cite news|url=https://queerintheworld.com/best-gay-clothing-optional-resorts-in-palm-springs/|title=The Absolute Best Gay Clothing Optional Resorts in Palm Springs, USA!|date=2018-07-26|work=Queer In The World|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-US}} 125. ^{{cite book|title=Palm Springs: official gay & lesbian visitors guide|year=2005|publisher=Pride National Network|location=Palm Springs, CA|page=62|author=Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism |oclc=64229593 }}; {{cite journal|title=Gay pocket guide: Palm Springs, Cathedral City & the entire Coachella Valley|publisher=GHighway|location=Hollywood, CA |oclc=74711792 }}; {{cite journal|journal=The Bottom Line|year=1978– |oclc=45909832 }} 126. ^{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/01/palm-springs-first-lgbt-gay-city-council-government-interview | title=In gay-friendly Palm Springs, America's first all-LGBT government is no surprise| newspaper=The Guardian| date=January 2018| last1=Carroll| first1=Rory}} 127. ^1 Palm Springs Aerial Tramway news release, January 5, 2005 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903214018/http://www.pstramway.com/downloads/new-cars.pdf |date=September 3, 2012 }} 128. ^Fentress Bradburn: Convention Center remodeling {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325115914/http://www.fentressarchitects.com/portfolio/convention-centers/palm-springs/ |date=March 25, 2012 }} 129. ^{{cite news| url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/mydesert/2425656631.html?FMT=ABS&date=Aug+16%2C+2011 | work=The Desert Sun | first=Tamara | last=Sone | title=They all thought I was nuts | date=August 16, 2011}}{{Subscription}} 130. ^Designed by the Los Angeles design firm Commune. Nakano, Craig (August 11, 2012) "L.A. firm Commune leaves fingerprints across Japan for a cause" Los Angeles Times 131. ^Company Overview of Bird Medical Technologies, Bloomberg Businessweek 132. ^{{Cite web | url=https://wearechannelq.radio.com/ | title=We Are Channel Q}} 133. ^Modernism Week 134. ^PS Black History Committee: Calendar 135. ^ACC Museum: Film Festival 136. ^Jeffrey Sanker, White Party sponsor 137. ^Arthur Lyons Film Noir Festival 138. ^Palm Springs Cultural Center 139. ^Palm Springs Restaurant Week 140. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.caballerosps.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=61&Itemid=53 |title=The Gay Men's Chorus of Palm Springs: About |access-date=September 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204154351/http://www.caballerosps.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=61&Itemid=53 |archive-date=December 4, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 141. ^City of Palm Springs: PSHS Homecoming {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815055620/http://www.ci.palm-springs.ca.us/index.aspx?page=15&recordid=471 |date=August 15, 2014 }}; and, [https://archive.today/20130127030215/http://www.kesq.com/Palm-Springs-High-School-Homecoming-Parade-Set-For-Downtown/-/233230/496078/-/df1v9nz/-/index.html KESQ.com PSHS Homecoming Parade] 142. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmsprings-ca.gov/index.aspx?recordid=5275&page=15 |title=City of Palm Springs Veterans Day Parade |access-date=March 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816095808/http://www.palmsprings-ca.gov/index.aspx?recordid=5275&page=15 |archive-date=August 16, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 143. ^VA Department: Regional Sites 144. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ci.palm-springs.ca.us/index.aspx?page=15&recordid=4430 |title=City of Palm Springs Event Calendar: Veterans Day |access-date=May 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816081215/http://www.ci.palm-springs.ca.us/index.aspx?page=15&recordid=4430 |archive-date=August 16, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 145. ^Palm Springs Festival of Lights; and, "2011 Palm Springs Festival of Lights Parade" (December 3, 2011). mydesert.com (Desert Sun) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813105157/http://origin-www.mydesert.com/apps/pbcs.dll/gallery?Avis=J1&Dato=20111203&Kategori=NEWS01&Lopenr=112040801&Ref=PH&odyssey=mod%7Cgalleriespic |date=August 13, 2014 }} 146. ^{{Cite web|title = The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies to Close its Doors for Good|url = http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Desert-Guide/June-2013/The-Fabulous-Palm-Springs-Follies-to-Close-its-Doors-for-Good/|website = www.palmspringslife.com|access-date = 2016-02-01|date = 2013-06-05}} 147. ^Palm Springs VillageFest 148. ^Desert Film Society – Palm Springs 149. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=41 |title=City of Palm Springs: Boards and Commissions |access-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823145524/http://www.palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=41 |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 150. ^{{Cite web |url=http://palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=1191 |title=City of Palm Springs: Art in Public Places History |access-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814184926/http://palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=1191 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 151. ^ACC Museum 152. ^The visitor's center for Palm Canyon was named "Hermit's Haven" and "Hermit's Bench" after early "hippie" William Pester who had a cabin overlooking the canyon. See: {{cite book|last=Lech|first=Steve|title=For Tourism and a Good Night's Sleep |year=2012|publisher=Steve Lech|location=Riverside, CA|isbn=978-0983750017|page=230}}, citing "Hermit Haven is Next to Nature" (December 2, 1917). Los Angeles Times; {{GNIS|272845|Palm Canyon}}; and, {{cite book |last=Wild |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Wild |title=William Pester: The Hermit of Palm Springs |year=2008 |publisher=The Shady Myrick Research Project |location=Johannesburg, CA |page=161 |oclc=234084689}} 153. ^Agua Caliente Indian Canyons 154. ^Tahquitz Canyon 155. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Renee|title='Desert Plays' performed in Tahquitz Canyon in 19202|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2016/06/11/desert-plays-performed-tahquitz-canyon-1920s-palm-springs/85676532/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett|date=June 11, 2015|location=Palm Springs, CA}} 156. ^{{AFI film|6322|Lost Horizon}} 157. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.sparesortcasino.com/sitemap.html |title=Agua Caliente Spa Resort Casino |access-date=August 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831014715/http://www.sparesortcasino.com/sitemap.html |archive-date=August 31, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 158. ^{{cite news|last=Mendoza|first=Mariecar|title=Marilyn Monroe returning to Palm Springs in a big way|url=http://www.mydesert.com/article/20120505/NEWS01/205050313/Marilyn-Monroe-returning-Palm-Springs-big-way|accessdate= May 26, 2012|newspaper=The Desert Sun|date=May 5, 2012}} 159. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.pshistoricalsociety.org/about/index.html |title=PSHS About |access-date=March 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323110838/http://www.pshistoricalsociety.org/about/index.html |archive-date=March 23, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 160. ^Palm Springs Historical Society Village Green Heritage Center 161. ^{{cite news|last=Schenden|first=Laurie K.|title=Ruddy's General Store Museum|url=http://findlocal.latimes.com/listings/ruddys-general-store-museum-palm-springs|accessdate=March 17, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=n.d.}}; and, Palm Springs heritage 162. ^Palm Springs Art Museum: Annenberg Theater 163. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdmod.org/about/ |title=Children's Discovery Museum of the Desert: About |access-date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420122730/http://www.cdmod.org/about/ |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 164. ^Art Palm Springs.com: Gallery, Studio, Museum, Festival, Event Guide 165. ^CAC Chapters 166. ^{{Cite web |url=http://desertartcenter.com/Home.html |title=Desert Art Center: History |access-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513162533/http://www.desertartcenter.com/Home.html |archive-date=May 13, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 167. ^{{cite journal|last=Biller|first=Steven|title=In the Studio – Delos Van Earl: Hide and Seek|journal=Palm Springs Life|date=Winter–Spring 2006|series=Art + Culture|url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Art-Culture/Winter-Spring-2006/In-the-Studio-Delos-Van-Earl/|accessdate=January 31, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822090713/http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Art-Culture/Winter-Spring-2006/In-the-Studio-Delos-Van-Earl/|archive-date=August 22, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 168. ^{{cite web | title=Warm Sands Sculpture Project | url=http://www.palmspringsneighborhoods.com/warm_sands_sculpture_project.htm | publisher=Palms Springs Office of Neighborhood Involvement | access-date=January 31, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201132354/http://www.palmspringsneighborhoods.com/warm_sands_sculpture_project.htm | archive-date=February 1, 2015 | dead-url=yes | df=mdy-all }} 169. ^{{Cite web | url=http://palmspringspowerbaseball.com/tickets/palm-springs-stadium/ | title=Palm Springs Stadium}} 170. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.hometeamsonline.com/teams/?u=PALMSPRINGSCOLLEGIAT&s=baseball | title=Palm Springs Collegiate League}} 171. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.halosheaven.com/2018/1/25/16933408/angels-spring-training-history | title=Angels spring training history| date=2018-01-25}} 172. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.springtrainingonline.com/teams/chicago-white-sox.htm | title=Chicago White Sox Spring Training}} 173. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.usta.com/About-USTA/Player-Development/Player-Services/536075_Easter_Bowl_ITF_Closed/ |title=USTA Easter Bowl ITF |access-date=August 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802043505/http://www.usta.com/About-USTA/Player-Development/Player-Services/536075_Easter_Bowl_ITF_Closed/ |archive-date=August 2, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 174. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.easterbowl.com/history/wrap-up-archive.cfm |title=USTA Easter Bowl Wrap-Ups |access-date=August 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828154458/http://easterbowl.com/history/wrap-up-archive.cfm |archive-date=August 28, 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 175. ^{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Terry |last2=Dickinson |first2=Judy |title=O'Donnell Golf Club: Jewel of the Desert for 65 Years |page=52 |oclc=810251995}} 176. ^Thunderbird Country Club: Mission and History{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 177. ^The Thunderbird Country Club had started off as a dude ranch in 1956. {{cite web|last=Howser|first=Huell|title=Thunderbird Country Club – Palm Springs (32)|url=http://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2002/09/29/thunderbird-country-club-palm-springs-32/|work=California's Gold|publisher=Chapman University Huell Howser Archive|authorlink=Huell Howser |author2=Bogert, Frank |author3=Dawson, Velma |author4=Windeler, Robert |date=September 29, 2002}}; {{cite book|last=Windeler|first=Robert|title=Thunderbird Country Club: from desert to oasis|year=2002|publisher=Bluefin Press|location=New York, NY|page=184 | oclc= 60860787}} 178. ^Best, Hugh (1988). Thunderbird Country Club. pp. 128. {{OCLC|41519919}} {{ASIN|B002I5PBH2}} 179. ^CANTOUR 2012 Season (Desert Hot Springs) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828054414/http://www.cantour.com/leagues/cantour_event.cfm?clientid=3776&leagueid=16792&seasonnum=2012 |date=August 28, 2014 }}* For more information on golf courses in the region, see** {{cite book|last=Wexler|first=Daniel|title=The Black Book: Palm Springs Area Golf Guide|year=2011|publisher=CreateSpace|isbn=978-1467975643|page=132}}, covers Riverside, San Bernardino, and Imperial Counties.** {{cite book |last=Ryder |first=Jay |title=The Greater Palm Springs Golf Guide: a Comprehensive Reference Guide to Playing the Desert's Finest Gold Courses |year=1989 |publisher=Ryder Publications |location=Palm Desert, CA |page=156 |lccn=90115597 }} 180. ^AYSO Region 80 181. ^AYSO Section 1H 182. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=80 |title=PS Parks & Recreation |access-date=March 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128002200/http://palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=80 |archive-date=January 28, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 183. ^{{Cite web |url=http://palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=263 |title=City of Palm Springs, James O. Jessie Desert Highland Unity Center |access-date=May 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504024331/http://palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=263 |archive-date=May 4, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 184. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=101 |title=PS Parks & Recreation: Dog Park |access-date=March 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070250/http://palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=101 |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 185. ^Vacation Palm Springs: Desert Ice Palace 186. ^KESQ.COM, "Ice Skating Rink Slated To Open In Cathedral City", April 29, 2010, retrieved February 27, 2012 187. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.boomersparks.com/site/palmsprings/directions.html |title=Boomers! Palm Springs: Directions |access-date=March 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216040215/http://www.boomersparks.com/site/palmsprings/directions.html |archive-date=February 16, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 188. ^{{Cite web |url=http://palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=265 |title=City of Palm Springs, Skate Park and Swim Center |access-date=February 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125170552/http://www.palmspringsca.gov/index.aspx?page=265 |archive-date=January 25, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 189. ^Hicks, John David (1973). History of the Desert Riders. pp. 24. {{OCLC|19766413}} 190. ^{{cite journal|last=Patten|first=Carolyn|title=The Desert Riders|journal=Palm Springs Life|date=March 1995|url=http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/March-1995/The-Desert-Riders/|access-date=August 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702075234/http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/March-1995/The-Desert-Riders/|archive-date=July 2, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 191. ^{{cite book|last=Hubbard|first=Doni|title=Favorite Trails of Desert Riders|year=1991|publisher=Hoofprints|location=Redwood City, CA|page=239|oclc=26698066}} 192. ^1 2 3 {{cite book| last1 = Bogert | first1 =Frank M.| authorlink = Frank M. Bogert| title = Palm Springs: First Hundred Years| location = Palm Springs, CA| publisher = Palm Springs Library| year= 1987 (republished 2003)| pages = 288| isbn = 978-0961872427| oclc =17171891 }} 193. ^{{cite news|title=Incorporation Wins|newspaper=The Desert Sun|volume=XI |issue=36|date=April 12, 1938}} 194. ^Charter of the City of Palm Springs, Approved by the people June 7, 1994; effective July 12, 1994. {{OCLC|30622447}} 195. ^{{cite book|last=Weiss|first=Henry|title=At Sunrise: the History of the Palm Springs Public Library|year=c. 1999|publisher=Palm Springs Public Library|location=Palm Springs, CA|page=121 |lccn= 2002510928}} 196. ^SCAG: Member cities 197. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.rctlma.org/districts/content/documents/Supervisorial%20_Districts_ALL_2011.pdf |title=County of Riverside, 2011 Supervisoral Districts |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116113749/http://www.rctlma.org/districts/content/documents/Supervisorial%20_Districts_ALL_2011.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 198. ^{{Cite web| url = http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html| title = Statewide Database| publisher = UC Regents| accessdate = November 18, 2014}} 199. ^{{Cite GovTrack|CA|36}} 200. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.psusd.us/index.aspx?page=1 |title=PSUSD Home Page |access-date=February 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213235056/http://www.psusd.us/Index.aspx?page=1 |archive-date=February 13, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 201. ^PSUSD: Palm Springs High School {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820020103/http://www.psusd.us/index.aspx?page=90 |date=August 20, 2012 }}; and, PSHS Homepage {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722091358/http://schools.psusd.us/ps/index.htm |date=July 22, 2012 }} 202. ^Palm Springs Unified School District* Cahuilla Elementary School {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806113638/http://www.psusd.us/index.aspx?page=71 |date=August 6, 2012 }}* Cielo Vista Charter School {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806113036/http://www.psusd.us/index.aspx?page=73 |date=August 6, 2012 }}* Katherine Finchy Elementary School {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826003950/http://www.psusd.us/index.aspx?page=77 |date=August 26, 2012 }}* Vista del Monte Elementary School {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820020530/http://www.psusd.us/index.aspx?page=83 |date=August 20, 2012 }} 203. ^The school is named after an early teacher in Palm Springs. Galon, Buddy; et al. (1980). The Little School House: the Life of Miss Katherine Finchy. Palm Springs, CA: Lyceum of the Desert, pp. 80. {{OCLC|7374555}} 204. ^1 US DOE 2011 National Blue Ribbon Schools 205. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.psusd.us/index.aspx?page=92 |title=PSUSD Alternative Education |access-date=August 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820020159/http://www.psusd.us/index.aspx?page=92 |archive-date=August 20, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 206. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.xavierprep.org/s/786/home.aspx |title=Xavier Prep home page |access-date=August 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722164332/http://www.xavierprep.org/s/786/home.aspx |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 207. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.brandman.edu/coachellavalley/programs.asp |title=Brandman University: Coachella Valley Programs |access-date=September 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304140526/http://www.brandman.edu/coachellavalley/programs.asp |archive-date=March 4, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 208. ^{{cite news|last=DeBenedictis|first=Don J.|title=New law school to focus on advocacy|newspaper=Los Angeles Daily Journal|page=5|date=July 12, 2012}} 209. ^Kaplan College Palm Springs 210. ^University of Phoenix, Palm Desert 211. ^Mayfield College 212. ^Council on Occupational Education Accredited Membership {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717160543/http://www8.spinen.net/council-org/files/downloads/2012/04/Accredited-Membership-April-2012.pdf |date=July 17, 2012 }} 213. ^{{Cite journal|journal= Desert Daily Guide|oclc=54477925}} 214. ^DDG {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219132406/http://www.desertdailyguide.com/ |date=February 19, 2012 }} 215. ^Palm Springs Life publications 216. ^{{LCCN|52017796}} 217. ^{{Cite journal|journal= Palm Springs Villager|oclc=11990550|quote=America's most beautiful desert magazine}} 218. ^{{OCLC|44505524}} 219. ^The Public Record: About Us {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021231420/http://www.desertpublicrecord.com/aboutus.html |date=October 21, 2012 }} {{ISSN|0744-205X}} {{OCLC|8101482|252439622}} 220. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Renee|title=Welwood Murray library has storied past, future|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/local/2014/08/14/welwood-murray-library-renovation/14092947/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett|date=August 14, 2014}} 221. ^{{cite web|title=Welwood Murray Memorial Library|url=http://www.palmspringsca.gov/government/departments/library/welwood-murray-memorial-library|website=City of Palm Springs, CA}} 222. ^{{cite news|last1=Goolsby|first1=Denise|title=Southern Pacific Railroad made path through the wild|url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/life/2014/08/24/southern-pacific-railroad-history-coachella-valley/14446763/|work=The Desert Sun|publisher=Gannett|date=August 24, 2014|location=Palm Springs, CA}} 223. ^Amtrak California Trains and Thruways map; and, Thruway motorcoach service is available only in connection with an Amtrak rail trip. 224. ^Palm Springs (city) curbside bus stop (Thruway) 225. ^Greyhound.com Locations: California 226. ^Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery Find A Grave 227. ^Welwood Murray Cemetery Find A Grave. Some famous burials (Palm Springs Cemetery District "Interments of Interest" and Find A Grave: Famous Burials at Welwood Murray include* J. Smeaton Chase (author) {{FAG|42276259|J. Smeaton Chase}}* Charles Farrell (actor)* Albert Frey (architect)* Hugo Montenegro (orchestra leader)* Jackie Saunders (silent film actress)* Herbert E. Toor (philanthropist) {{cite news|title=Herbert Tour, 88; Furniture Retailer|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-10-15/news/mn-3269_1_furniture-mart|accessdate=September 5, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=October 15, 1988}}* Virginia Valli (stage and film actress, manager of the Palm Springs Racquet Club, and spouse of Charles Farrell) 228. ^Palm Springs Life, "Palm Spring Historical Sites – Building and Land Markers" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407025028/http://www.palmspringslife.com/Palm-Springs-Life/Travel/Palm-Spring-Historical-Sites-Building-and-Land-Markers/index.php/name/Welwood-Murray-Cemetery/listing/22967/ |date=April 7, 2012 }} accessed October 10, 2011 229. ^Palm Springs Cemetery District 230. ^City of Rancho Mirage Historic Preservation Commission "Architect Bios" 231. ^{{cite web|title=Sci Fi – Futuristic Bungalow by Karim Rashid|url=http://besthomenews.com/sci-fi-futuristic-bungalow-by-karim-rashid/|work=Best Home News|accessdate=July 29, 2012|date=June 29, 2010|quote=...bungalow is created specifically for the Sci Fi channel and Morongo Casino.}} 232. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States/77969/Animal-life | title=United States | History, Map, Flag, & Population}} 233. ^Baker, Christopher P. (2008). Explorer's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts: A Great Destination. The Countryman Press. pp. 22-28. {{ISBN|9781581570489}}. 234. ^{{Cite web | url=http://wc.pima.edu/~bfiero/tucsonecol109/boxes/rattlesnake.htm | title=Rattlesnake facts}} 235. ^Baker, Christopher P. (2008). Explorer's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts: A Great Destination. The Countryman Press. p. 26. {{ISBN|978-1581570489}}. 236. ^Baker, Christopher P. (2008). Explorer's Guide Palm Springs & Desert Resorts: A Great Destination. The Countryman Press. pp. 29–30. {{ISBN|978-1581570489}}. 237. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/environment/2017/05/15/bear-sighting-indio-la-verne-rare/323126001/ | title=What makes the bear sighting in Indio so rare}} 238. ^Jameson, Everlett Williams and Hans J. Peeters (1988). California Mammals. University of California Press. p. 21. {{ISBN|9780520053915}}. Further reading
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