| 词条 | Pampas cat |
| 释义 |
| name = Pampas cat | image = Leopardus pajeros 20101006.jpg | image_caption = Pampas cat with the third pelage type | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Leopardus | species = colocola[2] | authority = (Molina, 1782) | subdivision= *L. c. colocola (Molina, 1782)
| range_map = PampasCat_distribution.jpg | range_map_caption = Distribution of the Pampas Cat, 2016[1] }} The Pampas cat (Leopardus colocola[1]) is a small wild cat native to South America that is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List as habitat conversion and destruction may cause the population to decline in the future.[2] It is also known as the colocolo or Pantanal cat over parts of its range.[3][4] It is named after the Pampas, but occurs in grassland, shrubland, and dry forest at elevations up to {{convert|5000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[5] There was a proposal to divide Pampas cat into three distinct species, based primarily on differences in pelage colour/pattern and cranial measurements.[5] Accordingly, three species were recognised in the 2005 edition of Mammal Species of the World: the colocolo (L. colocolo), the Pantanal cat (L. braccatus), and the Pampas cat (L. pajeros) with a more restricted definition.[4] This split at species level was not supported by subsequent genetic work, although some geographical substructure was recognised,[6][7] and some authorities continued to recognise the Pampas cat as a single species.[2][8] In the recent revision of felid taxonomy by the Cat Specialist Group the Pampas cat is recognised as a single species with seven subspecies.[9] Pampas cats have not been studied much in the wild and little is known about their hunting habits. There have been reports of the cat hunting rodents and birds at night, and also hunting domestic poultry near farms.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} CharacteristicsThe Pampas cat is a small, but heavy-set cat. There are significant geographical variations in its size; the body length ranges from {{convert|46|to|75|cm|abbr=on}} and the relatively short tail is {{convert|23|to|29|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Six variants of its pelage occur, but all have two dark lines on each cheek:[5]
The subtypes of Type 2 show variation according to altitude and latitude. Only the first subtype occurs in the north (around 20°S and northwards), and only the third type occurs in the far south (around 40°S and southwards). In between, the majority are of second subtype, but the first subtype has been recorded as far south as 29°S, and the third subtype as far north as 36°S. At latitudes where both the first and second subtypes are found, the former tends to occur in highlands and the latter in lowlands.[5] Melanistic Pampas cats have been reported.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} TaxonomyAn extensive morphological analysis of Pampas cat specimens from across the species's range revealed differences in cranial measurements, and pelage colour and pattern. Therefore, the Pampas cat group was divided into three distinct species with 11 subspecies.[5] This species division was recognised in the 2005 edition of Mammal Species of the World, although the number of subspecies was reduced:[4]
Based on two specimens, the subspecies L. p. steinbachi is larger and paler than P. l. garleppi. However, this is labelled with uncertainty due to the very small sample,[5] and some treat it as a synonym of L. p. garleppi.[8] Uncertainty also exists for the subspecies L. p. budini, which appears to resemble L. p. crespoi, and was described from lowlands of northwestern Argentina, but may actually be from humid forests in the region.[5] Some recognise it,[8] while other do not.[4] Populations in southern Chile and the southern part of Argentina, included in the nominate in the above list, have been recognised as the subspecies L. p. crucinus based on the large size (the largest Pampas cats) and dull pelage.[5] More recent work, primarily genetic studies, failed to find support for a split at species level, although some geographical substructure was recognised.[6][7] Several authors recognise the Pampas cat as a single species.[2][8] Since 2017, the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group recognises the Pampas cat as a single species with seven subspecies:[1]
Distribution and habitatThe Pampas cat ranges throughout most of Argentina and Uruguay into the Gran Chaco and Cerrado of Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil, and north through the Andes mountain chain through Ecuador and possibly marginally into southwestern Colombia.[2] It occurs in a wide range of habitats and inhabits elevations between {{convert|1800|and|5000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in páramo, marginally also in puna grassland and locally in dry forest.[5] Where its range overlaps with the Andean mountain cat in northwestern Argentina, it occurs at lower altitudes on average.[11] In central to northwestern Argentina, the Pampas cat is found at elevations below {{convert|1240|m|ft|abbr=on}} in grassland, mesophytic and dry forest, and shrubland. In southern Argentina and far southern Chile, it is found in Patagonian steppes and shrubland at altitudes below {{convert|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[5] In 2016, it has been recorded for the time in the Sechura Desert and in dry forest of northwestern Peru.[12] Ecology and behaviourLittle is known about the Pampas cats's hunting and breeding habits. It is thought to prey mainly on small mammals and birds. Guinea pigs are thought to form a large part of its diet, along with viscachas, other rodents, and tinamous.[13] Though some have suggested it is chiefly nocturnal,[13] others suggest it is mainly diurnal.[14] Litters are relatively small, usually consisting of only one or two kittens, and occasionally three. The kittens weigh around {{convert|130|g|oz|abbr=on}} at birth.[13] The average lifespan is nine years, but some have lived for over 16 years.[15] References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal |authors=Kitchener, A. C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Eizirik, E., Gentry, A., Werdelin, L., Wilting A., Yamaguchi, N., Abramov, A. V., Christiansen, P., Driscoll, C., Duckworth, J. W., Johnson, W., Luo, S.-J., Meijaard, E., O’Donoghue, P., Sanderson, J., Seymour, K., Bruford, M., Groves, C., Hoffmann, M., Nowell, K., Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite iucn |title=Leopardus colocolo | author = Lucherini, M. | author2 = Eizirik, E. | author3 = de Oliveira, T. | author4 = Pereira, J. | author5 = Williams, R.S.R. | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2016 | page = e.T15309A97204446 |publisher=IUCN | date = 2016 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15309/97204446 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15309A97204446.en | access-date = 13 January 2018}} 3. ^{{cite book |author=Novak, R. M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 1, 6th edition |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{MSW3 Wozencraft |pages=538–539 |id=14000097}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite journal |author=Garcia-Perea, R. |year=1994 |title=The pampas cat group (Genus Lynchailurus Severertzov 1858) (Carnivora: Felidae): A systematic and biogeographic review |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3096 |pages=1–35 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/4992/1/N3096.pdf}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal |authors=Johnson, W.E., Slattery, J.P., Eizirik, E., Kim, J.H., Menotti Raymond, M., Bonacic, C., Cambre, R., Crawshaw, P., Nunes, A., Seuánez, H.N. and Martins Moreira, M.A. |year=1999 |title=Disparate phylogeographic patterns of molecular genetic variation in four closely related South American small cat species |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cristian_Bonacic/publication/12611267_Disparate_phylogeographic_patterns_of_molecular_genetic_variation_in_four_closely_related_South_American_small_cat_species/links/0912f5063176017479000000/Disparate-phylogeographic-patterns-of-molecular-genetic-variation-in-four-closely-related-South-American-small-cat-species.pdf |pages=S79–94 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00796.x}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |author=Macdonald, D., & Loveridge, A. (eds.) |year=2010 |pages= |title=The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book |author=Sunquist, M. E., & Sunquist, F. C. |year=2009 |chapter=Colocolo (Leopardus colocolo) |chapterurl= |pages=146 |title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Vol. 1|editor1-last=Wilson |editor1-first= D. E. |editor2-last=Mittermeier |editor2-first=R. A. |publisher=Lynx Ediciones |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-96553-49-1}} 9. ^{{cite journal |authors=Kitchener, A.C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Eizirik, E., Gentry, A., Werdelin, L., Wilting, A. and Yamaguchi, N. |year=2017 |title= A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf |page=76}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Barstow, A. L. |author2=Leslie, D.M. |lastauthoramp=yes |year = 2012 | title=Leopardus braccatus (Carnivora: Felidae) | journal = Mammalian Species | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–25 |url=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mspecies/44/891/10.1644_891.1/2/44-891-16.pdf?Expires=1495282501&Signature=cSMNwUU2RdbPQQfzE19-RLhhZSYeW~n55RLVUSRgqhsYutf4ttXO-~bzLgwFT0w3dlWij3BRnQ9ZF4-1aSXq04Mjk40-xX1JlY1WE2kRfPxGu89FtQjArgYeQS8En~tliooaCSdDRet9l60RRh9s2qGAWhQa7NGELDXK4174n2c5TxRZRvGhIRp-d-NFgk~Ki0fRjE-S1Z7fFRPAxFK1d4hZh53cWgmFWRyUpEzj-zNpgh28g0zoOew1W6gW-s8oPoEIFhiJ~ZXfE6t-lfcr2Q61K5w~jKnLnKiCQWUib6kQW5nZ6jI2~iVpNQeAfyjCDq7sZO62mFR1JOiawQF3xQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q | doi = 10.1644/891.1}} 11. ^Perovic, P., Walker, S. & Novaro, A. (2003). New records of the Endangered Andean mountain cat in northern Argentina. Oryx 37: 374–377. 12. ^Garcia-Olaechea, A. and Hurtado, C. M. 2016. Pampas Cat conservation in northwestern Peru. Small Wild Cat Conservation News 2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014426/http://www.wild-cat.org/SWCCN/SWCCN_2016_02.pdf |date=2016-10-06 }}: 18. 13. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Sunquist, M. |author2=Sunquist, F. |year=2002 |chapter=Pampas cat Oncifelis colocolo (Molina, 1782) |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location= Chicago |pages= 201–204|isbn= 0-226-77999-8}} 14. ^MacDonald, D., Loveridge, A., eds. (2010). The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-923445-5}} 15. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/pampas-cat/leopardus-colocolo/ |title=ARKive |access-date=2017-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108113048/http://www.arkive.org/pampas-cat/leopardus-colocolo/ |archive-date=2018-01-08 |dead-url=yes |df= }} External links{{Wikispecies}}{{Commons category|Leopardus pajeros}}
9 : Leopardus|Mammals of the Andes|Mammals of Patagonia|Mammals of Chile|Mammals of Argentina|Mammals of Peru|Mammals of Bolivia|Mammals described in 1782|Páramo fauna |
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