“Panameñista Party”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Panameñista Party ({{lang-es|Partido Panameñista}}) is a Panamanian political party.

Founding and early history

The party is the oldest continuously-operating party in Panama. It was founded in 1932 by Harmodio Arias, a prominent newspaper publisher, and Ezequiel Fernández as the National Revolutionary Party. Its membership largely came from Patriotic Communal Action, a nationalist organization that led a coup in 1930 to protest the large amount of American influence in Panama. Fernández was the party's first president.

The party first gained a measure of power in the 1936 elections, when Fernández became second Vice-President in Juan Demóstenes Arosemena's administration. Arosemena died in office in 1939. As First Vice-President Augusto Samuel Boyd was also serving as Panama's ambassador to the United States, Fernández became acting president for three days until Boyd returned from Washington.

Supporting and opposing Torrijos

By 1939, the party had been taken over by Harmodio Arias' younger brother, Arnulfo, who would be its face for the next half-century. In the early 1930s, he had begun promoting a nationalist doctrine called "Panameñismo" (Panamanianism), and this became the basis for the party. It was renamed the Panameñista Party in the mid-1940s.

Arnulfo Arias was elected president three times and deposed by the military each time. After his third ouster, in 1968, a small dissident group broke with Arias to support the military regime of Omar Torrijos. In return, the Torrijos regime allowed the dissidents to take over the party's registration. The main body, however, remained with Arias and renamed itself the Authentic Panameñista Party. Known by its Spanish acronym, "PPA," it was one of the leading opponents to Manuel Noriega. By nearly all accounts, Arias would have won the 1984 presidential election had it been conducted honestly.

Opposition to Noriega

Arnulfo Arias would have been the party's candidate for president in 1989, but he died in 1988. He was succeeded as party leader by his widow, Mireya Moscoso. For the 1989 elections, the party was the main component of an anti-Noriega coalition, with the PPA's Guillermo Endara as the coalition's presidential candidate. Opposition election showed a win for Endara by a 3-to-1 margin over Noriega's candidate, Carlos Duque, but those elections were nullified by Noriega on the grounds of "foreign interference." Noriega was overthrown in the United States invasion of Panama a few months later. The night before the invasion, in the Canal Zone, Endara was sworn in as president by a judge.

Postwar

The government of Guillermo Endara designated the first anniversary of the U.S. invasion a "national day of reflection." On that day. hundreds of Panamanians marked the day with a "black march" through the streets of this capital to denounce the invasion and Endara's economic policies. Protesters echoed claims that 3,000 people were killed as a result of U.S. military action.

Endara is noted for staging a public hunger strike to call attention to poverty and homelessness left in the wake of the Noriega years and destruction caused by the U.S. invasion. He visited then U.S. President George Bush, pressing for emergency relief aid and cooperative measures to curtail the Panamanian narcotics trade. He is credited with restoring confidence in the banking industry, reducing unemployment, and to addressing narcotrafficking and violent crime. His administration has faced criticism of influence by wealthy businessmen and the U.S. On February 10, 1990, the Endara government abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces.

Endara later distanced himself from the party due to differences of opinion with Moscoso. He ran in the 2004 Panamanian presidential election as the candidate of the Solidarity Party. He finished second to Martín Torrijos. Recently, he founded his own political party Fatherland's Moral Vanguard Party.

Recent history

In 1990, the party was renamed the Arnulfista Party in honor of its longtime leader. Party members had been called "Arnulfistas" for many years. It lost the 1994 presidential elections to the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) administration of Ernesto Pérez Balladares, acting as the main opposition party before regaining the presidency in 1999 under Moscoso.

In 1994, a constitutional amendment permanently abolished the military of Panama.

The Arnulfista Party changed its name back to the old Panameñista Party in 2005.

At the 2004 elections, the party won 19.2% of the popular vote and 17 out of 78 seats. In presidential elections held the same day, its candidate, José Miguel Alemán, finished a poor third, with 16.4% of the vote.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

In October 2, 2016 José Luis Varela was elected President of the Panameñistas Party, and is its current President.

Moscoso and press restrictions

Moscoso included in her platform a pledge to work to repeal press restrictions dating to the Torrijos era that criminalized criticism of public officials and permitted prior censorship; in 1999 she signed a bill that mandated the submission of legislation to bring Panama's press laws in line with international standards by June 2000. This legislation was not forthcoming, but government disclosure laws were passed in 2001. Lawsuits against journalists continued; even President Moscoso, along with Winston Spadafora, the former minister of government and justice and a current Supreme Court justice, filed a criminal defamation suit.^[4] In 2005, many of the 'gag laws' enacted under military rule in the 1960s were repealed by new president Martin Torrijos.^[5]

2009 elections

Presidential and legislative elections were held in Panama on May 3, 2009.^[6] Juan Carlos Varela was the candidate of the Panameñista Party, but eventually supported Ricardo Martinelli in a coalition of four parties, led by Martinelli's Democratic Change party. With 60% of the vote, Martinelli went on to beat the incumbent Democratic Revolutionary Party who had formed its own three-party coalition. Varela, the Panameñista leader, became Panama's vice president to President Martinelli. Former 1990's president Guillermo Endara placed a distant third with 2.3% of the vote as the official candidate for the new Fatherland's Moral Vanguard Party, after gaining 31% in the last elections (2004).

Martinelli's and Varela's Alliance for Change coalition also dominated the National Assembly in 2009, winning 44 seats against 27 of the second-place coalition, with 2 other seats belonging to independents. A total of 22 legislative seats went specifically to the Panameñista Party.

However, the alliance had split by 2011, and a number of members from the Panameñista Party joined the Democratic Change Party, leaving the Panameñista Party with a remnant of 12 legislative seats.

2014 elections

Juan Carlos Varela was the Panameñista Party's candidate once again for the 2014 general election. The election polls had him ranked third in a field of six candidates for almost the entire campaign period, but Varela ran a very good campaign with a steady and strong message that touched the most important issue for Panamanians.{{clarify|date=May 2016}} On May 4, 2014, Juan Carlos Varela was elected President of Panama with a healthy 39% of the votes in what turned out to be a three-man race.

References

1. ^{{Citation |first=Orlando J. |last=Pérez |title=The Past as Prologue?: Political Parties in Post-Invasion Panama |work=Post-invasion Panama: The Challenges of Democratization in the New World Order |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2000 |page=129}}
2. ^¹{{Citation |first=William |last=Chislett |title=Panama |work=Americas Review: The Economic and Business Report |edition=21st |year=2004 |page=124}}
3. ^¹{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Stalker|title=Guide to Countries of the World |edition=Third |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=248}}
4. ^CPJ: Attacks on the Press Panamanian press restrictions and a victory for press freedom
5. ^CPJ 'Gag' laws lifted; same legislation includes new restrictions
6. ^[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html CIA - The World Factbook - Panama] '09 election date