“Panamint City, California”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Panamint City is the site of the largest and most elaborate group of Coso Painted Style pictographs. The presence of these pictographs indicates that Surprise Canyon was inhabited by Shoshone and/or Kawaiisu not long before the town was founded.^[5]

Silver was discovered by William L. Kennedy, Robert L. Stewart, and Richard C. Jacobs, bandits who were using Surprise Canyon as a hideout.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} EP Raines, an early investor in Panamint mining, convinced a group of Los Angeles businessmen to build a wagon road and then moved on to San Francisco, where he met Nevada Senator John P. Jones. Jones and the other Nevada Senator, William M. Stewart, created the Panamint Mining Company and bought up the larger mines. The two were quite famous for their heavy involvement in silver mining in Nevada, and their interest in Panamint started the boom.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

Founded in 1873-74, the town grew to include many mills, saloons, stores, a red light district, and a cemetery - all built along the uppermost end of Surprise Canyon. Panamint City was regarded as a "bad and wicked" town. Because of Panamint City's lawless reputation, Wells Fargo refused to open an office there. The senators solved the question of how to transport the silver bullion from the mines by casting it into 450-pound cannonballs, which were hauled to Los Angeles in an unguarded wagon.^[6]

On July 24, 1876, a flash flood roared down the canyon and washed out most of the town. The County of Inyo maintained a graded road to Panamint City until about 1983, when a terrific series of cloudbursts completely washed the canyon out to bedrock.^[7] This road permitted large vehicles, such as house trailers and trucks with mining equipment, to access Panamint City (some of these vehicles are abandoned there). The California Desert Protection Act in 1994 placed the upper portion of Surprise in Death Valley National Park and designated the Bureau of Land Management portion below as wilderness. Congress excluded a narrow strip of land around the washed-out road and remaining private property in Panamint City. Surprise Canyon Road was hard-closed with a locked gate by the Bureau of Land Management in May 2001 as a result of a lawsuit brought about by the Center for Biological Diversity, the Sierra Club, and Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility. In the closure order there was an exemption to owners of private property, allowing them to access their property as had been done in the past. A "Stipulation Agreement" written into the terms of the closure stated that the BLM must complete an "Environmental Impact Statement" (EIS) to determine further allowed use of the road. To date, private property owners' requests for access have gone un-answered as the agencies feel many of the issues they have surrounding access will be answered by the yet-to-be released findings of the "EIS".

A post office operated at Panamint from 1874 to 1877, from 1882 to 1883, and from 1887 to 1895.^[3]

Much of Panamint City and Surprise Canyon were added to Death Valley National Park in 1994, with the exception of the land, buildings, and road that are still private property. Surprise Canyon Road and Panamint City are in a non-wilderness "cherry stem" created by an act of Congress, surrounded by Surprise Canyon Wilderness and Death Valley National Park. A "cherry stem" means that these areas were specifically excluded from wilderness because they did not meet the wilderness criteria. The cherry stem of Surprise Canyon Road and Panamint City was created by Congress to insure future public access to this historic town, and private property in the area. In May 2001 the BLM erected a gate to block vehicular access road. Today, Panamint City is accessible only by a 7.5 mile hike, strenuous for even experienced hikers.

Nearby features

See also

Notes

1. ^{{gnis|1661185}}
2. ^Panamint, California, 7.5-minute quadrangle, US Geological Survey, 1988 and National Geographic Names Database, US Geological Survey.
3. ^¹²³{{California's Geographic Names|1192}}
4. ^Panamint Springs, California, 7.5-minute quadrangle, US Geological Survey, (1986), Panamint, California, 7.5-minute quadrangle, US Geological Survey, (1988) and National Geographic Names Database, US Geological Survey, March, 1998.
5. ^{{cite web |last=Garfinkel |first=Alan |title=The Coso Painted Style (Pictographs) |url= http://www.petroglyphs.us/article_the_Coso_Painted_Style_pictographs.htm |accessdate=2007-01-24}}
6. ^{{cite web |last=Vredenburgh |first=Larry |author2=G. Shumway |author3=R. Hartill |title=Desert Fever: An Overview of Mining History of the California Desert Conservation Area |url=http://www.vredenburgh.org/desert_fever/pages/inyo_county_04.htm |accessdate=2007-01-24}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/ca/panamintcity.html |title=Panamint City — California Ghost Town |author=Wright, David A. |work=Ghost Towns of California |accessdate=2007-01-22}}
8. ^Panamint, California, 7.5-minute quadrangle, US Geological Survey, 1988

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